tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38993270062905666332024-03-05T09:19:53.279-06:00Filosofía en Costa RicaConstrucción y deconstrucción de universos discurso y espacios conceptuales de naturaleza filosóficaFilosofía en Costa Ricahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913529307278002591noreply@blogger.comBlogger63125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3899327006290566633.post-8598059674868153712017-08-22T13:51:00.002-06:002017-08-23T15:11:31.155-06:00Karl H. Marx: "Lo único que sé es que no soy marxista"<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBn_RyI_SJcniTIdujUpV2qMz3wH-z-ennjcvyJb4YzU71dsJcZH0ZvqDlkckJ6jCDNvU6Ij6SY0Qr7n1XKdBoOV0ta9IrT-ekF9_qiJ0WPU0YNAdRoi7zG45dMD32S_IODOUQIQAJHVa_/s1600/Yo+no+soy+marxista+JPG+FINAL+.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1200" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBn_RyI_SJcniTIdujUpV2qMz3wH-z-ennjcvyJb4YzU71dsJcZH0ZvqDlkckJ6jCDNvU6Ij6SY0Qr7n1XKdBoOV0ta9IrT-ekF9_qiJ0WPU0YNAdRoi7zG45dMD32S_IODOUQIQAJHVa_/s400/Yo+no+soy+marxista+JPG+FINAL+.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span arial="" helvetica="" sans-serif="" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><i><span style="font-size: medium;">“ce qu'il y a de
certain c'est que moi, je ne suis pas Marxiste”
</span>
</i></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span arial="" helvetica="" sans-serif="" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><i><span style="font-size: medium;">«lo que sí es cierto,
es que yo no soy marxista». </span>
</i></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span arial="" helvetica="" sans-serif="" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><i><span style="font-size: medium;">Karl H.
Marx</span> </i></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span arial="" helvetica="" sans-serif="" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">El anterior es un famoso comentario de Marx,
citado por Engels en la</span> <a href="https://www.marxists.org/espanol/m-e/cartas/e5-8-90.htm"><span style="font-size: medium;"> carta a Konrad Schmith (1890)</span> </a><span style="font-size: medium;"> como:<b> «<em>tout ce que je sais, c'est que je ne suis pas marxiste</em>»</b>
(Lo único que sé es que no soy marxista). La expresión original de
Marx, data de fines de los años 70´s del siglo XIX, refiriéndose a los
"<i><b>marxistas franceses</b></i>", particularmente acusando a su yerno </span> <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lafargue"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong><em>Paul Lafargue</em></strong></span> </a><span style="font-size: medium;">
y<span data-mce-style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" style="font-size: 16px;"> a <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Guesde"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong><em>Jules Guesde</em></strong></span> </a>, <span style="font-size: medium;">de
simple</span> </span>
"<i><b>fraseología revolucionaria</b></i>" y negando el valor real
de esas luchas reformistas. De manera análoga, a cómo había hecho en:
"</span>
<a href="https://www.marxists.org/espanol/m-e/1870s/gotha/gothai.htm"><b><i><span style="font-size: medium;">Crítica del Programa
de Gotha</span> </i></b></a><span style="font-size: medium;">" y "<i><b><a href="https://www.marxists.org/espanol/m-e/1870s/gotha/gotha.htm">Glosas marginales al Partido obrero alemán</a></b></i>" (1875), enfrentando a los
socialdemócratas alemanes (</span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Socialdem%C3%B3crata_de_Alemania"><span style="font-size: medium;">SPD</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">), por los </span> <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformismo"><span style="font-size: medium;">reformismos</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> de perfil burgués al sistema
capitalista, y que oportunistamente se conforman con lograr algunas concesiones
obreras, cambios pequeños y graduales en el sistema político, sin tocar el
núcleo de un modo de producción, sustentado en la explotación obrera y relegando
a los trabajadores a un plano pasivo y secundario; Marx ironiza sobre
las luchas en Francia, de quienes se autodenominaban como "marxistas",
amparándose en tratar de conseguir simples concesiones reformistas de
carácter reaccionario, y que Marx mismo las consideraba como: "</span><a href="https://rolandoastarita.blog/2017/06/04/distribucion-de-la-riqueza-y-el-socialismo-vulgar/" style="font-size: large;"><i><b>socialismo vulgar</b></i></a>"<span style="font-size: medium;">, es decir, aquel en el que el cambio del modo de
producción, de la infraestructura económica, es obviada, en el cual se soslaya la explotación obrera, y se postula como centro<b><i> la distribución de la riqueza</i></b>, pero manteniendo su esquema de transferencia de capital del sector obrero al sector
capital, aceptando algunas concesiones hacia la clase trabajadora, como
salarios mínimos y servicios básicos, y algunos paliativos fiscales.
Marx, criticó duramente, este "<b><i>socialismo vulgar</i></b>", por no centrar su lucha desde la clase obrera y por perder su objetivo medular: <b><i>transformar el modo de producción de manera radical, por vía revolucionaria y con la centralidad del proletariado como clase emergente, y rumbo a un modo de producción socialista y finalmente
comunista, en el cual la propiedad privada desaparece y los medios de producción pertenecen comunitaria y distribuidamente a
los trabajadores,</i></b> <b><i>y por ende, incluso las
labores de un poder central o dictadura transitoria del proletariado, se minimizan gradualmente, hasta convertirse en innecesario.</i></b> Por ello mismo,
Marx hubiese sido mucho más crítico, contra lo que eventualmente llegó a
ser el llamado: "<b><i>marxismo académico</i></b>" o "<b><i>marxismo cultural</i></b>",
promulgado desde la comodidad de los claustros universitarios y alejados de las
luchas proletarias y revolucionarias concretas.</span>
</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJYyR-1JBko6InbWcpGCzkt9R8cnqm696vgFDk2sD5PUqRmsSzxNcdSRa5Tp4hGRYIKza1qpSM6MEFZrGBDN57LSVfjf4o0LHwpoelec2U183e2BRTHzW8Myu8D5YlDlt_l_IZoRraNvLk/s1600/Programa+del+Partido+obrero+alem%25C3%25A1n+JPG+FINAL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1200" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJYyR-1JBko6InbWcpGCzkt9R8cnqm696vgFDk2sD5PUqRmsSzxNcdSRa5Tp4hGRYIKza1qpSM6MEFZrGBDN57LSVfjf4o0LHwpoelec2U183e2BRTHzW8Myu8D5YlDlt_l_IZoRraNvLk/s400/Programa+del+Partido+obrero+alem%25C3%25A1n+JPG+FINAL.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span arial="" helvetica="" sans-serif=""><span style="font-size: medium;">Marx fue consecuente toda su vida, con sus
consignas e ideario, aunado a su beligerancia social e intelectual por medio de
publicaciones incendiarias y arrolladoras, por lo que se convirtió en enemigo
público número uno de las oligocracias dominantes, pero especialmente a partir
de las </span>
<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluciones_de_1848" style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: medium;">primaveras de los pueblos de 1848</span> </a><span style="font-size: medium;"><i style="font-weight: bold;">, </i>las cuales
convirtieron en proféticas las palabras de Marx y Engels, en
el </span> <a href="https://www.marxists.org/espanol/m-e/1840s/48-manif.htm"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Manifiesto Comunista</i>(1848)</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">: <b><i>"Un espectro se cierne sobre Europa: el espectro del comunismo". Contra este espectro se han conjurado en santa jauría todas las potencias de la vieja Europa, el Papa y el zar, Metternich y Guizot, los radicales franceses y los polizontes alemanes". </i></b>El día de la publicación en Londres de El Manifiesto Comunista, Europa
resplandecía con la revolución y hacía augurar una era de la clase obrera en
toda Europa.</span> </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span arial="" helvetica="" sans-serif=""> </span><span arial="" helvetica="" sans-serif="">Marx y Engels participan activamente en tales primaveras, y se radican en Colonia, publicando sus proclamas y manifiestos en<b><i> <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Gaceta_Renana">Neue Rheinische Zeitung </a>(Nueva Gaceta Renana)</i></b></span><span arial="" helvetica="" sans-serif=""> </span><span arial="" helvetica="" sans-serif="">y hasta inicios de 1849, cuando la revolución ha sido derrotada y los dos jóvenes revolucionarios tienen que exiliarse en Inglaterra, luego de ser espiados, perseguidos y expulsados</span><span arial="" helvetica="" sans-serif=""> del Imperio
prusiano-alemán, de Francia y Países Bajos. </span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilAtaoVAVJ-me6UCQ4uKhsC4_uw16-GKohNJ4K6yrzlbOHTXyOxKYPGXI-mdLkOUZmS_hjDRTFKP1STPs9LwoEnlPaFsumU1ECjEnrdkT_aFPMmOS__-p_IVWXdbXicIOOQCIIWR-l8rz3/s1600/karl-marx-the-walking.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilAtaoVAVJ-me6UCQ4uKhsC4_uw16-GKohNJ4K6yrzlbOHTXyOxKYPGXI-mdLkOUZmS_hjDRTFKP1STPs9LwoEnlPaFsumU1ECjEnrdkT_aFPMmOS__-p_IVWXdbXicIOOQCIIWR-l8rz3/s320/karl-marx-the-walking.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span arial="" helvetica="" sans-serif="" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Fue entonces, que Marx a partir de 1849, vivió en
la más abyecta miseria en el barrio del Soho, de Londres, Inglaterra,
con algunos apoyos de Engels para supervivencia, perdió sus
hijos: Henry, Franziska y Edgar (Mouche) y a su esposa tempranamente por
falta de servicios básicos y alimentación adecuada. Dedicó esfuerzos sobrehumanos, unas 16 horas diarias, a escribir obras como: “<b><i><a href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/communist-league/1850-ad1.htm">Address of the Central Comité to the Communist League</a></i></b>”(1850), “<i><b><a href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/pdf/Class_Struggles_in_France.pdf">Klassenkämpfe in Frankreich 1848-1850</a></b></i>” y “<b><i><a href="https://www.marxists.org/espanol/m-e/1850s/brumaire/brum1.htm">Der Achtzehnte Brumaire des Louis Bonaparte</a></i></b>”(1850), y sus monumentales obras: "<b><i><a href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/">Grundrisse</a></i></b>" (1857-61) y "<b><i><a href="http://pendientedemigracion.ucm.es/info/bas/es/marx-eng/capital.htm">Das Kapital</a></i></b>" (1867). Se dedicaba a
ello durante todo el día, desde que abrían hasta que cerraban el <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum_Reading_Room">British Museum</a></b>, en su mítico escritorio “07” y en las noches y madrugadas en
su desordenada mesa de su pobre apartamento familiar, arrendado en una
segunda planta, el 28 de la Calle Dean, del Soho; <b>hasta finalmente
fallecer por una mezcla de inanición y agotamiento.</b> Pero sus
proclamas harían temblar al mundo, y aun hoy, su nombre y sus ideas son temidas
por los grandes poderes económicos y financieros hegemónicos, incluso por sectores privilegiados
de clases medias altas, que son producto lejano, de sus ideas
originales.</span>
</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWPXt0za4S2IvpdhZUC-E9LQ1RDofRDlhYJevw9nbWorBjhG8D_FuU_HkKNnZIpLJ3CRTjZInj_v47XnzdxX6k7k3UwTneLeKzooovoY3LiXwTrHq40_WCraXqWOhM2XHrOIrD4alqpe8l/s1600/Marx-+Soho+-+Dean+Streat+-+Londres+-England+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWPXt0za4S2IvpdhZUC-E9LQ1RDofRDlhYJevw9nbWorBjhG8D_FuU_HkKNnZIpLJ3CRTjZInj_v47XnzdxX6k7k3UwTneLeKzooovoY3LiXwTrHq40_WCraXqWOhM2XHrOIrD4alqpe8l/s400/Marx-+Soho+-+Dean+Streat+-+Londres+-England+copy.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span>
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span arial="" helvetica="" sans-serif=""><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></b></span>
<span arial="" helvetica="" sans-serif=""><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ver también:</span> </span> </span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span arial="" helvetica="" sans-serif=""><a href="http://bit.ly/2wsoieM"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Marx, del Soho a
Bloomsbury</span> </b></a></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span>
</span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span arial="" helvetica="" sans-serif=""><a href="http://vientosur.info/spip.php?article11928"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Marx, Engels y las
revoluciones de 1848. | Michael Löwy</span> </b></a></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span>
</span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span arial="" helvetica="" sans-serif=""><b><a href="http://filosofiacr.blogspot.com/2014/06/marx-en-el-soho.html"><span style="font-size: medium;">Marx en el Soho (Brian Jones)
(+Vídeos+Libro)</span> </a></b></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span>
</span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span arial="" helvetica="" sans-serif=""><a href="http://filosofiacr.blogspot.com/2014/05/marx-ha-vuelto-version-latinoamericana.html"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">"Marx ha vuelto"
(Versión latinoamericana)</span> </b></a></span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span>
</span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span arial="" helvetica="" sans-serif=""><b><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://filosofiacr.blogspot.com/2011/11/marx-reloaded-marx-recargado-2011.html">Marx Reloaded (Marx
recargado) (Subtitulado-español)</a></span></b></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://filosofiacr.wordpress.com/2011/12/14/marx-tenia-razon/"><span arial="" helvetica="" sans-serif=""><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">¡Marx Tenía
Razón!</span> </b></span></a></div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
Filosofía en Costa Ricahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913529307278002591noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3899327006290566633.post-69176651723657574862017-04-27T08:51:00.004-06:002017-04-28T11:19:23.272-06:00"Antonio Gramsci, Los días de la cárcel" (1977) (Película completa)<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><b>"La crisi consiste appunto nel fatto che il vecchio muore e il nuovo non può nascere: in questo interregno si verificano i fenomeni morbosi piú svariati."</b></i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><b> Antonio Gramsci. </b></i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><b>Quaderni del carcere, « Ondata di materialismo» e « crisi di autorità », volume I, quaderno 3, p. 311, circa 1930 </b></i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><b>--- </b></i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><b>"La crisis consiste precisamente en el hecho de que lo viejo está muriendo y lo nuevo no puede nacer; este interreino se manifiesta en una gran variedad de síntomas mórbidos." </b></i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b>Antonio Gramsci. </b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<i style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b>Cuadernos de la cárcel, "Ola de Materialismo" y "Crisis de Autoridad"</b></i></div>
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<center>
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<embed src="http://www.veoh.com/swf/webplayer/WebPlayer.swf?version=AFrontend.5.7.0.1509&permalinkId=v69763778ecqZk2Z8&player=videodetailsembedded&videoAutoPlay=0&id=24983094" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="410" height="341" id="veohFlashPlayerEmbed" name="veohFlashPlayerEmbed"></embed></object><br /><span style="font-size: xx-small;"></span>
<br /><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.veoh.com/watch/v69763778ecqZk2Z8">Antonio Gramsci: i giorni del carcere </a></b></span></center>
<center>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>(</b><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: start;"><i>"Antonio Gramsci, Los días de la cárcel" </i></b><b>)</b></span></center>
<center>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>(Película completa, inserción en Flash)</b></span></center>
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<a href="http://www.veoh.com/watch/v69763778ecqZk2Z8"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-eN8_nQxlvkXeJraB7eoNQvN6hfTebsRxa14hcDLbe16zko8xdPlheb_OyZb1ZgyRMq_DNHKMlU80nQe30HL798Y4gGB_o5U7ZVi3rKsxyOnATRkKfdaqKT3CN3VY2L5oLF_QUjjx5jBH/s320/Antonio_Gramsci-_The_Days_of_Prison.jpg" width="227" /></a></div>
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</span>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><i>"Antonio Gramsci, Los días de la cárcel" </i>(Antonio Gramsci, i giorni di carcere)(1977) </b>"Gramsci, los años de cárcel" es un riguroso drama biográfico que realiza un recorrido por el complejo devenir personal e ideológico de este líder y teórico político italiano. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">El filme se detiene concretamente en los años que Gramsci estuvo recluido en prisión a causa de su praxis política y en la intensa actividad teórica que desarrolló hasta su muerte en abril de 1937. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Guión: Pier Giovanni Anchisi, Lino Del Fra Reparto: Riccardo Cucciolla, Paolo Bonacelli, Franco Graziosi, Lea Massari, Mimsy Farmer, Jacques Herlin, Biagio Pelligra, Luigi Pistilli. </span></div>
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Antonio Gramsci (Ales, Cerdeña, 22 de enero de 1891 - Roma, 27 de abril de 1937)</b> fue un filósofo, teórico marxista, político y periodista italiano. Escribió sobre teoría política, sociología, antropología y lingüística. Fue uno de los fundadores del <b>Partido Comunista Italiano</b>, encarcelado bajo el régimen fascista de <b>Benito Mussolini.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>“Il vecchio mondo sta morendo. Quello nuovo tarda a comparire. E in questo chiaroscuro nascono i mostri.” </i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>("El viejo mundo se muere. El nuevo tarda en aparecer. Y en ese claroscuro surgen los monstruos".)</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>Antonio Gramsci</i></b></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">El arresto, el proceso y la cárcel</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Antonio Gramsci</b>, escribe una carta al comité central del partido bolchevique en el cual, después de la muerte de Lenin, inició una lucha entre las diversas corrientes: <b><i>«hoy ustedes están destruyendo vuestra propia obra y corren el riesgo de anular la función dirigente que el partido comunista de la URSS había conquistado [...] vuestros deberes rusos pueden y deben ser llevados a cabo sólo en el cuadro de los intereses del proletariado internacional»</i></b>. Pero Togliatti, delegado del PCI en Moscú, prefiere no entregar la carta. Esto creó un conflicto entre Gramsci y Togliatti que nunca se resolvió en su totalidad.</span></div>
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El 31 de octubre de 1926 <b>Mussolini </b>sufre en Bolonia un atentado sin consecuencias personales, que es utilizado como pretexto para eliminar los últimos residuos de democracia: el 5 de noviembre el gobierno disuelve los partidos políticos de oposición y suprime la libertad de prensa. El 8 de noviembre, en violación de la inmunidad parlamentaria, Gramsci es arrestado en su casa y encerrado en la cárcel de Regina Coeli. Después de un periodo confinamiento en Ustica, el 7 de febrero de 1927 es encerrado en la cárcel milanesa San Vittore.</div>
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El proceso a veintidós imputados comunistas, entre los cuales incluían a Umberto Terracini, Mauro Scoccimarro, Giovanni Roveda y Ezio Riboldi, inicia en Roma el 28 de mayo de 1928; el presidente del Tribunal Especial Fascista, instituido el 7 de febrero de 1927, es el general Alessandro Saporiti y tiene por jurados cinco cónsules de la milicia fascista. Gramsci es acusado de actividad conspirativa, instigación a la guerra civil, apología del delito e incitación al odio de clase.</div>
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El ministerio público Michele Isgrò, en conclusión de su requisitoria, declara que «por veinte años debemos impedir a este cerebro funcionar» y de hecho Gramsci, el 4 de junio, es condenado a veinte años, cuatro meses y cinco días de reclusión; el 19 de julio alcanza la cárcel de Turi, en la provincia de Bari. El mismo médico de la cárcel de Turi llegó a decir a Gramsci que su misión como médico fascista no era mantenerlo con vida.</div>
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El 8 de febrero de 1929 obtiene finalmente lo necesario para escribir e inicia la escritura de sus Quaderni del carcere. Desde 1931 Gramsci sufre una grave enfermedad, el mal de Pott, la misma que afectó a Francisco de Quevedo y a Giacomo Leopardi, además de principios de tuberculosis y de arteriosclerosis, por todo esto puede obtener una celda individual, trata de reaccionar a la detención estudiando y elaborando sus propias reflexiones políticas, filosóficas e históricas, sin embargo las condiciones de salud empeoran y en agosto Gramsci tiene una imprevista y grave hemorragia.</div>
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El 30 de diciembre de 1932 muere su madre y los familiares prefieren no informarle. El 7 de marzo de 1933 tiene una segunda crisis grave, con alucinaciones y delirios: en París se constituye un comité, del cual forman parte, ente otros, Romain Rolland y Henri Barbusse, para obtener su liberación junto con la de otros detenidos políticos, pero sólo hasta el 19 de noviembre Gramsci es transferido a la enfermería de la cárcel de Civitavecchia y el 7 de diciembre a la clínica del doctor Cusumano en Formia, vigilado tanto desde la recámara como desde el exterior.</div>
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El 25 de octubre de 1934 es acogida por Mussolini la petición de libertad condicional pero no es libre de moverse, en tanto que se le impide ir a curarse a otro lugar ya que el gobierno temía una fuga; solo el 24 de agosto de 1935 puede ser transferido en la clínica “Quisisana” de Roma. Está en graves condiciones: además del morbo de Pott, la tisis y la arteriosclerosis, sufre de hipertensión y de gota.</div>
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El 21 de abril de 1937 Gramsci adquiere la plena libertad pero está ya gravísimo en el hospital: muere al alba del 27 de abril, con apenas cuarenta y seis años, de hemorragia cerebral.</div>
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Incinerado, al día siguiente se efectúan los funerales, a los cuales participan sólo el hermano Carlos y la cuñada Tatiana: las cenizas fueron inhumadas en el Cementerio de Verano y de aquí transferidas al Cementerio no católico (Cimitero acattolico) de Roma.</div>
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Según afirma el cardenal De Magistris, Antonio Gramsci antes de morir se convirtió al catolicismo y en el lecho de muerte pidió los sacramentos. Esta afirmación se basa en el testimonio de una monja, de apellido Pinna,ya fallecida, quien se lo narró a su hermano, el obispo Giovanni Maria Pinna, también fallecido. La religiosa prestaba sus servicios en el hospital en que Gramsci murió y -según esta versión- el pensador comunista pidió que le trajeran una imagen del Niño Jesús y la besó conmovido.</div>
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Los investigadores aseguran que no hay ningún documento que acredite este hecho. Por el contrario, en toda la documentación que existe al respecto no se menciona nada de lo que afirma el cardenal; Carlo Gramsci, hermano de Antonio, afirma expresamente que estaba presente en su muerte y relata: <b><i>«Tras el último intento por parte de las monjas para que se convirtiera, reaccionó girándose hacia el muro»</i></b></div>
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Los 32 Cuadernos de cárcel, de complejas 2848 páginas, no fueron destinados a la publicación. Contienen reflexiones y apuntes elaborados durante su reclusión y se iniciaron el 8 de febrero de 1929 para ser definitivamente interrumpidos en agosto de 1935 a causa de la gravedad que había alcanzado su estado de salud. Su cuñada Tatiana Schucht los numeró sin tener en cuenta su cronología cuando los sustrajo, con ayuda de Piero Sraffa, de las inspecciones policíacas para entregarlos al banquero Raffaele Mattioli, secreto financiador de las redacciones de Gramsci, el cual las confió en Moscú a Palmiro Togliatti y a los otros dirigentes comunistas italianos.</div>
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Tras diversas discusiones los Cuadernos fueron revisados por Felice Platone y publicados por la casa editora Einaudi junto a sus Cartas de la cárcel remitidas a los familiares en seis volúmenes ordenados por temas homogéneos, bajo los títulos:</div>
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<li><b>*El materialismo histórico y la filosofía de Benedetto Croce (1948)</b></li>
<li><b>*Los intelectuales y la organización de la cultura (1949)</b></li>
<li><b>*Il Risorgimento (1949)</b></li>
<li><b>*Notas sobre Maquiavelo, sobre la política y sobre el Estado moderno (1949)</b></li>
<li><b>*Literatura y vida nacional (1950)</b></li>
<li><b>*Pasado y Presente (1951)</b></li>
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En 1975 los Cuadernos fueron publicados en su original italiano en edición de Valentino Gerratana según el orden cronológico de su elaboración. Y también fueron recogidos en volumen todos los artículos escritos por Gramsci en Avanti!, en Grido del Popolo y en L'Ordine Nuovo. En idioma español esta edición crítica de Valentino Gerratana se publicó en México, en el año 2000.</div>
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En 2013, recopilados por Diego Bentivegna, se publica una recopilación de sus Escritos sobre el lenguaje (Buenos Aires: Eduntref), tema que fue preocupación constante en su obra desde sus tiempos de estudiante y discípulo avanzado de Matteo Bartoli en Turín.</div>
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Filosofía en Costa Ricahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913529307278002591noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3899327006290566633.post-69418278707475973942017-04-02T17:01:00.001-06:002017-04-02T17:17:53.362-06:00Sapiens: de animales a humanos (audio libro, + PDFs)<br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Sapiens: de animales a dioses
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Una breve historia de la humanidad</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>(Audio libro completo)</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Sapiens: Una Breve Historia de la Humanidad</b> (Hebreo: קיצור תולדות האנושות) es un libro de Yuval Harari publicado por primera vez en hebreo en Israel en 2011 y en inglés en 2014. Harari cita de <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Diamond">Jared Diamond</a>: Guns, Germs and Steel (<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armas,_g%C3%A9rmenes_y_acero">Armas, gérmenes y acero: breve historia de la humanidad en los últimos trece mil años</a>, Premio Pulitzer,1997), como una de las principales fuentes de inspiración para su libro, mostrando que era posible "hacer grandes preguntas y contestarlas científicamente".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">DESCARGAS MEGA:</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><ul>
<li><a href="https://mega.nz/#F!Kp0mXR6B!IVxZSELm4YrsNsB8i9xbZQ">Enlace para descargar carpeta con libros en formatos E-book (EPUB/MOBI)</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://mega.nz/#F!fwdEVKBQ!7b3Bo0tDrV10zHungOiebw">Enlace para descargar carpeta con libros en formatos PDFs</a></li>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Ver también: </b></span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/sep/21/sapiens-brief-history-mankind-review-yuval-noah-harari">Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind review – thrilling story, dark message</a> </b></span></li>
<li><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/sep/11/sapiens-brief-history-humankind-yuval-noah-harari-review"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind by Yuval Noah Harari – review</b></span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/book-review-sapiens-a-brief-history-of-humankind-by-yuval-noah-harari-1423261230"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>How Humankind Conquered the World</b></span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/our-kind-of-people/2015/03/13/78404422-b84c-11e4-aa05-1ce812b3fdd2_story.html?utm_term=.7293b47d6bdf"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>How humans became human</b></span></a></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/11120947/Sapiens-a-Brief-History-of-Humankind-by-Yuval-Noah-Harari-review-urgent-questions.html">Sapiens: a Brief History of Humankind by Yuval Noah Harari, review: 'urgent questions'</a></b></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Sapiens (Yuval Harari) - Resumen Animado</b></span></div>
<br />Filosofía en Costa Ricahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913529307278002591noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3899327006290566633.post-4706834594326316362016-01-01T16:09:00.000-06:002016-01-01T16:28:11.272-06:00Odio el Año nuevo (Odio il capodanno), Antonio Gramsci, 1916<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Odio el Año nuevo, Antonio Gramsci</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Cada mañana, al despertarme bajo la bóveda celeste, siento que es para mí
el año nuevo. Es la razón por la que odio esos años nuevos con fecha fija que
hacen de la vida y del espíritu humano una empresa comercial con sus entradas y
salidas en el respeto de las normas, con su balance y su presupuesto para el
ejercicio anual por venir. Hacen perder el sentido de la continuidad de la vida
y del espíritu. Se termina por creer seriamente que de un año a otro existe una
solución de continuidad y que comienza una nueva historia, se hacen
resoluciones, se lamentan los errores etc. etc. Es un defecto de las fechas en
general. Se dice que la cronología es el esqueleto de la historia, lo que es
posible admitir. Pero es necesario admitir también que hay cuatro o cinco fechas
fundamentales que toda persona bien educada conserva archivada en un rincón de
su cerebro y que han jugado malas pasadas a la Historia. Ellas también son años
nuevos. El año nuevo de la Historia romana, o de la Edad Media, o de la Época
moderna. Y ellas se han vuelto tan invasoras y fosilizantes que nos
sorprendemos a nosotros mismos pensando que la vida en Italia comenzó en 752, y
que 1490 o 1492 son como montañas que la humanidad ha atravesado de un solo
impulso encontrándose en un nuevo mundo, entrando en una nueva vida. Así la
fecha se convierte en un obstáculo, un parapeto que impide ver que la historia
continúa de desarrollarse con la misma línea fundamental e incambiada, sin
detenciones bruscas, como cuando en el cine la película de desgarra y deja
lugar a un intervalo de luz encandilante. Es el porqué detesto el año nuevo. Yo
quiero que cada mañana sea para mí un año nuevo. Cada día quiero arreglar las
cuentas conmigo mismo, y renovarme cada día. Ningún día previsto para el
reposo. Las pausas las elijo yo mismo, cuando me siento ebrio de vida intensa y
que quiero zambullirme en la animalidad para extraer un nuevo vigor. Nada de
burócratas del espíritu. Cada hora de mi vida la quisiera nueva, aunque sea
incorporándola a las ya recorridas. Nada de día de euforia con rimas colectivas
obligatorias, a compartir con extraños que no me interesan. Porque lo han
festejado los abuelos de nuestros abuelos etc. deberíamos, nosotros también,
sentir la necesidad del festejo. Todo eso es nauseabundo.<o:p></o:p></i></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Antonio Gramsci, 1 enero 1916 en
Avanti!, edición de Turín, rúbrica "Sotto la Mole". Traducción,
Fernando Orellana.</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Odio il capodanno, Antonio Gramsci</b></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Ogni mattino, quando mi risveglio ancora sotto la cappa del cielo,
sento che per me è capodanno.Perciò odio questi capodanni a scadenza fissa che
fanno della vita e dello spirito umano un’azienda commerciale col suo bravo
consuntivo, e il suo bilancio e il preventivo per la nuova gestione. Essi fanno
perdere il senso della continuità della vita e dello spirito. Si finisce per
credere sul serio che tra anno e anno ci sia una soluzione di continuità e che
incominci una novella istoria, e si fanno propositi e ci si pente degli
spropositi, ecc. ecc. È un torto in genere delle date.Dicono che la cronologia
è l’ossatura della storia; e si può ammettere. Ma bisogna anche ammettere che
ci sono quattro o cinque date fondamentali, che ogni persona per bene conserva
conficcate nel cervello, che hanno giocato dei brutti tiri alla storia. Sono
anch’essi capodanni. Il capodanno della storia romana, o del Medioevo, o
dell’età moderna. E sono diventati cosí invadenti e cosí fossilizzanti che ci
sorprendiamo noi stessi a pensare talvolta che la vita in Italia sia
incominciata nel 752, e che il 1490 0 il 1492 siano come montagne che l’umanità
ha valicato di colpo ritrovandosi in un nuovo mondo, entrando in una nuova
vita. Così la data diventa un ingombro, un parapetto che impedisce di vedere
che la storia continua a svolgersi con la stessa linea fondamentale immutata,
senza bruschi arresti, come quando al cinematografo si strappa la film e si ha
un intervallo di luce abbarbagliante. Perciò odio il capodanno. Voglio che ogni
mattino sia per me un capodanno. Ogni giorno voglio fare i conti con me stesso,
e rinnovarmi ogni giorno. Nessun giorno preventivato per il riposo. Le soste me
le scelgo da me, quando mi sento ubriaco di vita intensa e voglio fare un tuffo
nell’animalità per ritrarne nuovo vigore. Nessun travettismo(1). Ogni ora della
mia vita vorrei fosse nuova, pur riallacciandosi a quelle trascorse. Nessun
giorno di tripudio a rime obbligate collettive, da spartire con tutti gli
estranei che non mi interessano. Perché hanno tripudiato i nonni dei nostri
nonni ecc., dovremmo anche noi sentire il bisogno del tripudio. Tutto ciò
stomaca.</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;">Antonio Gramsci, 1° Gennaio 1916 su l’Avanti!, edizione torinese,
rubrica « Sotto la Mole »</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;">La voce « travettismo » è derivata dal piemontesismo « travet »
che designa un « impiegato di basso livello e mal retribuito che svolge
scrupolosamente un lavoro monotono e, anche, poco gratificante (e, con valore
ironico, ne indica la mancanza di personalità, di iniziativa e di motivazioni)
» (Grande Dizionario della Lingua Italiana). Si tratta del nome del protagonista
della commedia piemontese di Vittorio Bersezio Le miserie di Monsù Travet
(1862) divenuto il paradigma dell’impiegato dalla vita grigia e con prospettive
limitate.</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </b></div>
<br />Filosofía en Costa Ricahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913529307278002591noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3899327006290566633.post-73023118284009619472015-09-29T16:59:00.000-06:002015-10-12T16:55:17.947-06:00Atlas Shrugged (Atlas encogido de hombros)(Película completa en 3 partes)(+PDFs descargables)<center>
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<embed src="http://www.veoh.com/swf/webplayer/WebPlayer.swf?version=AFrontend.5.7.0.1505&permalinkId=v92092521Mnp4TYeJ&player=videodetailsembedded&videoAutoPlay=0&id=24983094" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="410" height="341" id="veohFlashPlayerEmbed" name="veohFlashPlayerEmbed"></embed></object><br /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.veoh.com/watch/v92092521Mnp4TYeJ"><b><i>La rebelión de Atlas(Atlas Shrugged)(Completa 3 partes)</i></b></a></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLo3OgN08WM7KoFAkZsJyKf0oGet6XTuXJ1BwHVoc63-99s7t6fTfqh-X4aVomVkQ_rf0ZwhtXSwYiw0D_mpxVaq18H8DCyqUix8OMBpox8od71Q6Mah23mkTWUWSGDfGk65jhv6894ZTs/s1600/Atlas+Shrugged+Trilogy+POSTER+EDITADO.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLo3OgN08WM7KoFAkZsJyKf0oGet6XTuXJ1BwHVoc63-99s7t6fTfqh-X4aVomVkQ_rf0ZwhtXSwYiw0D_mpxVaq18H8DCyqUix8OMBpox8od71Q6Mah23mkTWUWSGDfGk65jhv6894ZTs/s400/Atlas+Shrugged+Trilogy+POSTER+EDITADO.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Adaptación
cinematográfica de la novela de Ayn Rand: “Atlas Shrugged”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Atlas Shrugged</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> es una trilogía de películas de ficción
dramática. Las películas, están basadas en la novela homónima de <b><i>Ayn
Rand</i></b> publicada en 1957. Presentadas secuencialmente por <b><i>Partes: I (2011), </i></b></span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><i>Parte </i></b><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>II (2012), y Parte III
(2014).</i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Los guiones fueron escritos por: </span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>John Aglialoro y Brian Patrick
O'Toole (Parte I); Duke Sandefur, O'Toole, y Duncan Scott (Parte II); y J.
James Manera, Harmon Kaslow y Aglialoro (Parte III).</i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> La trama de las
películas tienen lugar en un distópico Estados Unidos, en donde muchos de los
industriales más importantes y exitosos de la sociedad abandonan sus fortunas y
la nación misma, en respuesta a las nuevas regulaciones gubernamentales cada
vez más agresivas, llevando a una huelga de empresarios, y al colapso de las
industrias.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">En la <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged:_Part_I">Parte I</a></b>
la ejecutiva de ferrocarriles: <b><i>Dagny Taggart (Taylor Schilling)</i></b> y
el magnate del acero <b><i>Henry Rearden (Grant Bowler</i></b>) forman
una alianza para luchar contra un gobierno cada vez más autoritario de los
Estados Unidos. En la <b><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged:_Part_II">Parte II</a></i></b>
<b><i>Taggart
(Samantha Mathis) y Rearden (Jason Beghe) </i></b>buscan desesperadamente el
inventor de un motor revolucionario, mientras el gobierno de Estados Unidos
continúa extendiéndo su control sobre la economía nacional. En la <b><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged_Part_III">Parte III</a></i></b>
<b><i>Taggart
(Laura Regan) y Rearden (Rob Morrow)</i></b> entran en contacto con el
responsable de la huelga de empresarios, John Galt, en torno al cual gira toda
la serie. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cada película de la serie ha
contado con un reparto y equipos, en su
mayoría diferente. La primera película, dirigida por <b><i>Paul Johansson</i></b>, está
protagonizada por <b><i>Taylor Schilling, Grant Bowler, Matthew Marsden, Johansson, Graham
Beckel y Jsu García</i></b>. La segunda película, dirigida por <b><i>John
Putch,</i></b> protagonizada por <b><i>Samantha Mathis, Jason Beghe, Patrick
Fabian, DB Sweeney y Esai Morales</i></b>. La tercera película, dirigida por <b><i>J.
James Manera</i></b>, protagonizada por <b><i>Laura Regan, Rob Morrow, Greg Germann,
Kristoffer Polaha, Lew Temple, y Joaquim de Almeida</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"><b><a href="http://www.veoh.com/watch/v92223118c9BJXh5g" target="_blank">Atlas Shrugged Part I (2011)</a></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"><b><a href="http://www.veoh.com/watch/v92223118c9BJXh5g" target="_blank">(La rebelión de Atlas I, subtitulada, aquí)</a></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.veoh.com/watch/v92302847KznFwK8x" target="_blank">Atlas Shrugged Part III </a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.veoh.com/watch/v92302847KznFwK8x" target="_blank">(La rebelión de Atlas, 3, subtitulada aquí)</a></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>Atlas Shrugged: </i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>la novela de Ayn Rand, </i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>su distopía e incongruencias</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><b><i>“There are two novels that can change a bookish fourteen-year old’s life: The Lord of the Rings and Atlas Shrugged. One is a childish fantasy that often engenders a lifelong obsession with its unbelievable heroes, leading to an emotionally stunted, socially crippled adulthood, unable to deal with the real world. </i></b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><b><i><i>The other, of course, involves orcs."</i></i></b></i></span><br />
<i style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><i><span style="font-size: large;">John Rogers</span></i></b></i><br />
<i style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><i><span style="font-size: large;">***</span></i></b></i><br />
<i style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><i>[Kung Fu Monkey-Ephemera, March 19, 2009]</i></b></i><br />
<i style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: large;"><b>***</b></span></i></i><br />
<i style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><i>“Hay dos novelas que pueden cambiar la vida de un chaval de catorce años que se dedique a devorar libros: ‘El señor de los anillos’ y ‘La rebelión de Atlas’. Una es una fantasía infantil que, normalmente, suele engendrar una obsesión enfermiza con héroes increíbles que termina degenerando en una madurez emocionalmente dañada y socialmente inválida, creando un ser incapaz de relacionarse con el mundo real. </i></b></i><br />
<i style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><i>En la otra novela, por supuesto, hay orcos.”</i></b></i><br />
<i style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><i><span style="font-size: large;">John Rogers</span></i></b></i></div>
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<a href="https://mega.nz/#!SwlwQLqJ!z5L6F-NddHbbL0Ccjo8pQKZd2-iL4X4t3CE4V_xPUEc" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL-fTympokEiKpmG3Ok4nODgBBuzA0ot1y9Muuk_IloulQZWkWYOLct-lxUl1kcNIJZgG95or_-kry_ZuM5RG8MKJc8ZX8cW3Stqjj5XRxhHF0vOY5e-ntEPDZKYmHUQh9ID8CDw5IkT6H/s320/Ayn+Rand-La+rebeli%25C3%25B3n+de+Atlas-Sin+censura.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://mega.nz/#!SwlwQLqJ!z5L6F-NddHbbL0Ccjo8pQKZd2-iL4X4t3CE4V_xPUEc" target="_blank"><i>La rebelión de Atlas (PDF descargable)</i></a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Atlas
Shrugged</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, literalmente traducido al español, sería <b><i>"Atlas
encogido de hombros",</i></b> es una novela de <b>Ayn Rand</b>, publicada en Estados Unidos en 1957 que ha sido traducida
al español más bien como: <b><i>La rebelión de Atlas</i></b>, para inspirar un cierto sentido heroico presente en la obra, pero cambiando el sentido del título original. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">El libro presenta una trama
ficticia, en la cual, se pretende llevar a una reducción al absurdo, las
luchas, revueltas y huelgas del sector trabajo, de masas de trabajadores y
sindicatos, reivindicando derechos laborales y salariales, frente al sector
capital del empresariado; ficcionando una gran lucha, revuelta y huelga del
empresariado de Estados Unidos de América y en contra del gobierno y los
políticos, presentados como parásitos sociales, que succionan la riqueza producida
por estos empresarios. De hecho Rand quería llamar originalmente a su novela: </span></span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>"La
huelga</i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">", lo cual representa una paradoja en su esquema conceptual, ya que al admitir la posibilidad de cualquier huelga,
sea esta de obreros o en este caso de empresarios, la misma, trata de una estrategia de
unión colectiva de fuerzas, es decir, es un tipo de </span></span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>“colectivismo</i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">”, expresión
que tiene una conspicua significación peyorativa en la obra de Rand, pues por encima de este, debe
prevalecer el individualismo, el egoísmo. Una obvia contradicción, ya que una huelga de empresarios, es una acción colectivista, quienes han asumido su </span></span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>“consciencia
de clase dominante</i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">”, -<i>como lo hubiera explicado Marx</i>-, y han decidido
luchar colectivamente por su gremio y en contra del gobierno. Es decir, han
superado su individualismo y egoísmo, para crear una especie de gremio o
sindicato empresarial. Esta
incongruencia, es más bien, un tipo de argumentación auto-aniquliativa o suicida, pues lleva a una reducción al absurdo, las tesis del
egoísmo racional, principio fundamental de la doctrina randiana, conocida como:
</span></span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>“<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objetivismo">objetivismo</a>”.</i></b> <span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Aun cuando, Ayn Rand, enmarca en un mismo
estatus epistémico, tanto al colectivismo, como al altruismo, como al
misticismo, el telón de fondo de esta saga heroica de la rebelión o huelga del
sindicato de empresarios, tiene claros resabios de un emocionalismo místico.
Pues la manera en que los empresarios comienzan ha desaparecer misteriosamente,
evoca más bien a un tipo de </span></span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>“rapto” o “arrebatamiento</i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">”, propio
de </span></span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>escatología
cristiana</i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">, en el cual son
secuestrados, arrebatados o raptados los creyentes fieles por un </span></span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>Cristo
celestial</i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> en el final de los tiempos. En el caso de la novela de Rand,
se trata de los fieles al </span></span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>“egoísmo racional</i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">”, a una Iglesia de
empresarios, que son raptados o rescatados por su Mesías, a decir, </span></span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">John Galt</b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">, y que son llevados a la </span></span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Jerusal%C3%A9n" target="_blank">Nueva Jerusalén</a> </i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">empresarial prometida, </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">liberándolos</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> de las garras del
gobierno, que es ni más ni menos, que el análogo al poder de </span></span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>Satanás</i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.
El misticismo milenarista en Rand, es más que evidente en esta trama, en su </span></span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>versión
plutocrático-corporativa</i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">, de ahí, que las tesis éticas subsumidas en el objetivismo randiano, se convierten en una promesa de salvación futura para los sectores plutocrático-corporativos del capitalismo de finales del siglo XX; a la vez, evocan una analogía con las tesis éticas del reformismo calvinista, en la Europa de inicios de la Edad Moderna, que fueron determinantes para el modo de vida y la
moral burguesas de un capitalismo incipiente, tal y como lo explicó </span></span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Max Weber</b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> en su obra: "</span></span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_%C3%A9tica_protestante_y_el_esp%C3%ADritu_del_capitalismo">La
ética protestante y el espíritu del capitalismo</a></i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">". Weber da cuenta de cómo el calvinismo se presentó como una doctrina moral que justificaba la riqueza, por lo que la adquisición
del dinero se devela como el valor supremo de la vida para el espíritu
capitalista. <b><i>Adquirir dinero, se convierte en un fin en sí mismo, no en un
medio</i></b>. El máximo esfuerzo y la mayor racionalidad económica, con la finalidad de obtener más
riquezas, son los valores superlativos en la ética protestante, según la obra de Weber y
por ello, consecuentemente, serían, según esta tesis, los países protestantes aquellos más exitosos
económicamente. En esta forma de capitalismo primitivo, el duro trabajo y la austeridad, darían lugar a la acumulación
de riqueza, o de capital por medio del ahorro. <b><i>El calvinismo, traduce entonces
la moral cristiana, en una ética del enriquecimiento, pues este, es la señal de <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestinaci%C3%B3n" target="_blank">predestinación</a> a la salvación
eterna. </i></b></span></span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>En este sentido, el objetivismo randiano, es una nueva versión de calvinismo, pero con un perfil secular y en función de los intereses de la ideología dominante de
las clases plutocrático-empresariales en el contexto de un capitalismo especulativo-monopolista, las cuales, se encontrarían<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestinaci%C3%B3n" target="_blank"> predestinadas</a> al poder total del sistema económico.<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pero el misticismo
subyacente en la obra de Rand, va aún más allá. Una vez "raptados" o
"rescatados", son llevados a
un lugar utópico en algún lugar de las montañas, resguardados secretamente y
por alta tecnología, en dónde se han refugiado todos los genios, emprendedores
empresariales y grandes capitalistas, que han sido invitados y raptados. Es
literalmente una versión empresarial capitalista de la <b><i>Shangri-La</i></b> de <b><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hilton_(novelist)" target="_blank">James Hilton</a></i></b> en <b><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Horizon" target="_blank">Horizontes perdidos</a></i></b>, sólo que en vez del místico lugar del <b><i>Himalaya</i></b>,
se trata de algún místico lugar dentro de los mismos EE.UU. en las <b><i>Montañas
Rocosas</i></b>, inaccesible para los no-invitados o no-iniciados. La trama se
desarrolla de tal manera, que esta huelga de empresarios refugiados en el
Shangri-La empresarial, termina paralizando la producción de EE.UU. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Como es común en los
escritos de Rand, para poder crear una de sus muchas caricaturas argumentales (argumentos de muñeco
de paja), en este caso, <b><i>una feroz diatriba contra de los
"gobiernos" y las políticas "colectivistas"</i></b>; asume
como premisa no demostrada, una <b><i>falsa dicotomía</i>,</b> es decir, <b><i>el
conflicto entre la clase de los "saqueadores" y la de los "no
saqueadores".</i></b> Los <b><i>"saqueadores"</i></b>
están representados por <b><i>la clase política (místicos del músculo)</i></b>
y <b><i>los
cultos religiosos (místicos del espíritu)</i></b> que piensan que<b><i> toda
actividad económica debe estar regulada y sometida a una fuerte imposición
fiscal.</i></b> Los <b>"no
saqueadores"</b> son aquellos emprendedores, los capitanes de empresa y
los intelectuales que piensan que la solución está justamente en todo lo contrario.
La falsa dicotomía o falso dilema, es un tipo de argumentación falaz bien
conocida. Se expone una situación en la que se presentan dos puntos
de vista como las únicas opciones posibles, cuando en realidad existen una o
más opciones alternativas que no han sido consideradas. Las dos alternativas
son con frecuencia, los puntos de vista más extremos dentro de un espectro de
posibilidades. Ignorando por ende, el rango completo de otras posibilidades.
Bajo este esquema dicotómico falaz, Rand desaparece de un plumazo, <b><i>el
papel del sector trabajo, el sector obrero, los proletarios e incluso los <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpemproletariado">lumpemproletarios</a>,</i></b>
imprescindibles para sostener este modo de producción, desde los estratos más
básicos. Rand superlativiza la construcción ferrocarriles o la producción de
acero por ejemplo, como productos mercantiles finales, y los reduce al trabajo
de empresarios individuales sin más, como si no existiera trabajo obrero en la
base de toda esa producción. Esta manera
de apreciar los productos mercantiles, las mercancías, tan sólo en su parte
final acabada y reluciente; sin considerar la cantidad tiempo socialmente
necesario invertido para lograr cada pedazo de mercancía que produzca riqueza y
ocultando las condiciones de explotación laboral en que se producen, revela el
fenómeno que <b>Karl H. Marx</b>, denominó el <b><i>"fetichismo de la
mercancía" </i></b>(<b>Ver:</b> <b><i><a href="http://pendientedemigracion.ucm.es/info/bas/es/marx-eng/capital1/1.htm">El
carácter fetichista de la mercancía y su secreto</a></i></b>). En esto se
revela entonces, que el discurso de
Rand, más que un <b><i>"<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objetivismo">objetivismo</a>"</i></b>,
o un <b><i>"realismo"</i></b>
por su adscripción a las tesis de <b>Aristóteles,</b>
<i><a href="http://rebirthofreason.com/Articles/Younkins/Aristotle_Ayn_Rands_Acknowledged_Teacher.shtml" target="_blank">confesado abiertamente por la autora</a></i>, <b><i>es una inversión de la realidad material, de
las relaciones de producción material, producto de interrelaciones sociales,</i></b>
<b><i>intersubjetivamente
construidas en las bases por los obreros</i></b>, <b><i>los trabajadores y sin los
cuales, no sería posible producir riqueza alguna.<o:p></o:p></i></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Para poder darle forma
acabada a su falsa dicotomía, asume entonces <b><i>un discurso falocentrista</i></b>
en extremo, <b><i>creando sus "Atlas", "superhombres", viriles machos
capaces de derrotar a cualquier enemigo en cualquier batalla y de seducir
cualquier mujer que se les atraviese en camino por las buenas o las malas
(hecho que ya estaba presente en su otra novela: "<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_manantial" target="_blank">El Manantial</a>").</i></b>
Estos Atlas o "superhombres", son la más conspicua expresión del
héroe humano, que desprecia al resto de humanos que no son como él, y quien
fácilmente los derrotará en cualquier batalla que libre contra ellos, pues
quedan reducidos a una especie de subhumanos, parásitos, vividores del trabajo
de los demás, en sus puestos públicos. Por ello, las obras de Rand, con este
perfil de superhombre ario, <b><i>tuvieron especial acogida entre los
dictadores fascistas</i></b>, en un primer momento con <b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" target="_blank">Benito Mussolini </a>en Italia</i></b> y
luego <b><i>con <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" target="_blank">Francisco Franco</a> en España</i></b>. En el caso de Atlas Shrugged, su héroe
que muestra su supremacía ária, es un misterioso personaje llamado <b><i>John
Galt</i></b>, a la vez un filósofo y científico. Galt, desde su escondite en
las Montañas Rocosas, da órdenes, sugiere iniciativas y mueve todos los hilos.
Junto con él, se refugian los principales empresarios e intelectuales del país.
Durante el tiempo que dura este "rapto" o "huelga de los
empresarios", el sistema estadounidense se va hundiendo bajo el peso del
cada vez más opresivo intervencionismo estatal. <b><i>La novela termina cuando los
empresarios deciden abandonar su escondite y marchan a los centros de decisión
económicos, encabezados por el dólar, símbolo de la parusía mesiánica de Galt, elegido como
estandarte de su particular revolución, que mutatis mutandis, es la versión
inversa de la Revolución Bolchevique, que tanto odio despertaba en Rand, como rusa
exiliada. Galt se convierte así, en el Lenin capitalista. </i></b></span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><i> </i></b></div>
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<b><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzEN7ez4qUIcLhdrbJIxhNn8rId-svbDNq1RKX7QOZMz1mTIsZdCX9B0ECactJEHbS3Fp-VdTY4IkXNvC5j64knGFqP73jMhVtX-LG5iKxuRAq4BxYixqKvlDdQv69irw1rsuFtVwid1Xd/s1600/Zizek+on+Rand+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzEN7ez4qUIcLhdrbJIxhNn8rId-svbDNq1RKX7QOZMz1mTIsZdCX9B0ECactJEHbS3Fp-VdTY4IkXNvC5j64knGFqP73jMhVtX-LG5iKxuRAq4BxYixqKvlDdQv69irw1rsuFtVwid1Xd/s400/Zizek+on+Rand+copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></i></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">No
obstante y sus contradicciones explícitas, tanto en su obra, como en la vida de
Ayn Rand (-<i>no hay que olvidar, que sus últimos años de vida, tras su fracaso
emocional y económico y padeciendo un cáncer de pulmón, tuvo que acudir a los
Servicios públicos de salud de EE.UU. de Medicare, lo cual es ocultado por el
común de sus seguidores</i>-), fue asumida como inspiración de alas radicales de
jóvenes de derechas en EE.UU. durante los años 50´s y 60´s.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Las
razones del por qué el discurso randiano en favor de supuestos criterios
"racionales" e "individualistas", impacta en jóvenes
lectores de clases sociales acomodadas, son diversas. Su obra, es escrita más bien a contracorriente del pensamiento económico dominante en EE.UU. a decir, <b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynesianismo" target="_blank">el keynesianismo</a></i></b>, en la época de inicios de la <b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Fr%C3%ADa" target="_blank">Guerra Fría</a></i></b>. Se trata de momento histórico, en que el mundo se encuentra significativamente polarizado; por una parte los países socialistas, que promulgaban la
distribución solidaria del plusproducto nacional social y aquellos otros, cuyas relaciones de producción, se basaban en la acumulación de riqueza en un reducido sector capital (capitalistas), a partir de <b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plusvalor" target="_blank">plusvalores laborales</a></i></b>, obtenidos por medio de la explotación de un amplio sector trabajo (obreros). La tensión capital-trabajo, en las relaciones de producción capitalista, aumenta, conforme aumenta la </span><b style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conciencia_de_clase" target="_blank">consciencia de clase</a></i></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> entre los sectores obreros, es decir, entre <b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariado" target="_blank">el proletariado </a></i></b>como clase potencialmente revolucionaria, que unen sus fuerzas para luchar por medio de gremios y sindicatos, y el poder hegemónico, político y económico de los <b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgues%C3%ADa" target="_blank">grandes capitalistas burgueses</a></i></b>. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Las tensiones entre el sector trabajo y el sector capital, se habían intensificado desde fines del siglo XIX, cuando <b><i><a href="http://www.eumed.net/libros-gratis/2008a/379/El%20capitalismo%20industrial.htm" target="_blank">el capitalismo industrial</a></i></b> alcanza su <b><i><a href="http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Capitalismo_monopolista" target="_blank">fase monopolística</a></i></b> y las condiciones de<b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explotaci%C3%B3n_laboral" target="_blank"> explotación laboral</a></i></b> se vuelven inhumanas. Fue la época del caldo del cultivo del <b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialismo" target="_blank">socialismo</a></i></b>, <b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarquismo" target="_blank">el anarquismo</a></i></b> y <b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunismo" target="_blank">el comunismo marxista</a></i></b>, que </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">encenderán chispas revolucionarias, cuyo primer gran intento de toma de poder revolucionario, fue la conocida como <b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comuna_de_Par%C3%ADs" target="_blank">Comuna de París</a> </i>de 1871 y <i>cuyo fracaso, será pagado con ríos de sangre de obreros proletarios.</i> </b></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Más que </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">amedrentar a la clase obrera, este suceso validó moralmente</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> la necesidad imperiosa del cambio de urgente de las condiciones del sistema económico, frente a la opresión capitalista. En el contexto de la Primera Guerra Mundial, es cuando el</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"> frenesí militar</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"> alcanzará un nivel de paroxismo, y se desnuda sin complejos, como</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> condición <b><i>sine qua non</i></b> del capitalismo industrial expansivo de la época, pero también, es cuando las clases obreras, descubren paulatinamente, que más allá de los nacionalismos, son utilizadas como carne de cañón, por parte de las oligarquías,<b><i> y cuya estrategia de dominación ha sido, es y sigue siendo, poner a pelear a los pobres contra los pobres</i></b>. No obstante, esta guerra abre una primera oportunidad a las clases revolucionarias obreras y de manera inusitada en la Rusia Zarista. Así como durante la modernidad, se dieron las revoluciones burguesas (Inglaterra, Holanda, Francia), que cambiaron el mapa político europeo; el siglo XX europeo, será el terreno fértil, para la germinación de las primeras revoluciones proletarias, iniciadas con la </span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_de_Octubre" target="_blank"><i>Revolución Bolchevique</i></a></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i> </i></b>o <b><i>Revolución de Octubre de 1917,</i></b> y que se convierte en fuente de inspiración del resto de revoluciones violentas similares en toda Europa, por medio de las cuales tomar el poder por la fuerza y derrotar los <b><i>poderes hegemónicos burgueses dominantes</i></b>. Todas las naciones de la época se enfrentan entonces al dilema planteado por </span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburgo" target="_blank">Rosa Luxemburgo</a>: <a href="https://www.marxists.org/espanol/luxem/01Reformaorevolucion_0.pdf" target="_blank">¿Reforma o Revolución?</a>.</i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Los conflictos nacionales internos se vuelven la regla, ante el surgimiento de movimientos obreros organizados, tanto en Europa y EE.UU., como en otras regiones del mundo, y parafraseando a <b>Marx y Engels</b> en el <b><i><a href="https://www.marxists.org/espanol/m-e/1840s/48-manif.htm" target="_blank">Manifiesto Comunista,</a></i></b> <i>"<b>el fantasma del comunismo, recorre las naciones del mundo"</b></i> <b>y horroriza las oligarquías plutocráticas hegemónicas<i>,</i></b> que reaccionan con una <b><i>cruzada anti-comunista transnacionalizada</i></b>. La <b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Civil_Rusa" target="_blank">guerra civil rusa</a></i></b>, tras la revolución bolchevique, es un vivo ejemplo, de cómo los capitales transnacionales de las naciones industrializadas, buscarán derrotar una incipiente revolución obrero-comunista en otro país que no es el propio. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">No obstante, el <b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_obrero" target="_blank">Movimiento Obrero</a> y <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_sindical" target="_blank">Sindical</a></i></b> sigue fortaleciéndose, y por ello, las oligarquías hegemónicas, enfrentarán </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">los
embates de las luchas sindicales a inicios del siglo XX, que llegará a convertirse incluso en un <b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindicalismo_revolucionario" target="_blank">sindicalismo revolucionario violento</a>. Así las cosas, estas</i></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i> clases hegemónicas, optaron por dos posibles vías para enfrentar en sus propias naciones tales movimientos.</i></b> La primera fue asimilar las proclamas populares de los trabajadores y convertirlas en un mecanismo de dominación ideológicamente robusto, es decir, <b><i>apoyar alguna de las diversas formas de <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascismo" target="_blank">fascismo</a> nacionalistas</i></b>, que permitan alienar a los obreros y ponerlos al servicio de las estructuras de dominación oligárquica, convertirlos en mano de obra barata, como en carne de cañon dócil para las guerras expansionistas, a la vez, poder perseguir y desmantelar cualquier tipo de sindicato o gremio socialista o comunista, incluso hasta su aniquilación física. Los casos conspicuos de este tipo de represión fascista fueron Alemania e </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">Italia</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">, en cuyos contextos surgirán dos de los más prominentes ideólogos del marxismo del siglo XX: <b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburgo" target="_blank">Rosa Luxemburgo</a> y <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" target="_blank">Antonio Gramsci</a>, quienes a su vez, convirtieron en mártires políticos de las clases obreras. La otra posible vía</i></b> por parte de las clases hegemónicas para enfrentar el ascenso y las luchas de las clases proletarias, organizadas en gremios y sindicatos, fue el </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionismo_(marxismo)" target="_blank">capitalismo revisionista</a>,</i></b> que se presenta como un tipo de socialismo moderado o <b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemocracia" target="_blank">social democracia</a></i></b>, pero sin cambiar el núcleo de producción capitalista. Surgen así, <b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_del_bienestar" target="_blank">los </a></i></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_del_bienestar" target="_blank">estados de bienestar</a></i></b>, que </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">permitirán</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> una serie de reivindicaciones sociales y laborales, y cuyo objetivo final hegemónico, fue reducir los conflictos sociales y las tensiones entre el sector capital y el sector
trabajo, como alternativa preventiva a una revolución socialista radical. Este tipo de concesiones a los sectores obreros por parte de los sectores oligárquicos, no hubiese sido posible sin el contrapeso de los países socialistas, que eran un vivo ejemplo que la opción por una revolución violenta, que expropiara a las clases dominantes burguesas, era una posibilidad real. Ese profundo temor a una revolución obrera comunista de los sectores hegemónicos, obligó a atender los reclamos sindicales obreros, ante el riesgo de perder por completo cualquier tipo de poder político y económico. Este capitalismo revisionista con </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">reivindicaciones sociales y laborales, permitió a su vez, el surgimiento de <i><b><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clase_media" target="_blank">sectores o clases medias</a></b></i>, que no sólo se convirtieron en un atenuante de la vía revolucionaria, sino que incrementaron el consumo masivo, convirtiéndose en un motor de la economía capitalista. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">Los acontecimientos históricos de la segunda mitad del siglo XX,</span><b><i><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"> dejaron en evidencia, que los estados de bienestar social, dentro del modo de producción capitalista, son al final de cuentas, un tipo de anomalía del sistema, una forma de desequilibrio, pues el centro de gravedad del capitalismo es la maximización de las ganancias y la minimización de pérdidas, sin importar si se trata de explotación laboral o especulación bursátil u otros medios para alcanzar tales fines. El maquiavelismo corporativo, es lo que sostiene el sistema, no es la excepción. Por ello, los sectores económicos hegemónicos, asumirán como un lastre a sus utilidades, cualquier tipo de reformismo propio del Estado de Bienestar. La consigna por el desmantelamiento de reformas sociales o cualquier tipo de Estado de Bienestar, son un tema recurrente por parte de los ideólogos de los sectores plutocráticos-empresariales, y dado, que de facto, nunca perdieron el poder de las estructuras de producción capitalista, colocarán a su gusto, representantes en los distintos poderes de los sistemas políticos en el contexto de estados de derecho burgués, para favorecer sus intereses y su consigna, de desmantelar los estados de bienestar y cualquier logro de las clases obreras, que no les permiten alcanzar su fin de maximizar sus utilidades, aunque esto sea a costa de la explotación, de la pauperización y la miseria del grueso de la población. Para llevar a cabo su consigna, el paso final es tanto desmantelar ideológicamente, como fácticamente, los gremios y sindicatos obreros, para lo cual se han creado múltiples y sofisticadas estrategias. Teniendo a su favor los aparatos ideológicos y coercitivos de los Estados burgueses, así como las corporaciones mediáticas para reproducir masiva y frenéticamente sus consignas, las clases obreras de diversa índole, son desarticuladas y descentradas en movimientos dispersos, y son convertidas en reproductoras de la ideología dominante, por ende se vuelven reaccionarias y agresivas contra sus similares desarticuladas en movimientos fragmentarios, pues se ha difuminado su conciencia de clase, es decir, al vaciar su dimensión subjetiva de las consignas por reivindicaciones obreras, deja de ser subjetiva y activamente (-aunque no de facto-), la clase social, capaz de llevar a cabo una revolución socialista, y por ende, queda sometida a una explotación laboral in crescendo y sin esperanza alguna de atreverse a cambiar su situación, pues en caso contrario, el masivo y cada vez mayor </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ej%C3%A9rcito_industrial_de_reserva" style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;" target="_blank">ejército industrial de reserva</a><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">; amenaza con el desempleo y la miseria. El desempleo, se convierte así, en la herramienta más poderosa de dominación sobre la clase obrera. </span></i></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Cuando por fin en la última parte del siglo XX, el contrapeso socialista se desvanece, los sectores hegemónicos de las grandes plutocracias del</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> sector capital, ya no les interesará mantener tales reivindicaciones sociales y
laborales y así en EE.UU. los logros del <b><i>"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal" target="_blank">New Deal</a>"</i></b>, se desplomarán gradualmente, quedando tan solo algunos de sus vestigios. Pero <b><i>para imponer un modelo económico, se requiere no sólo una forma de administrar unas relaciones de producción basadas en la explotación laboral y la acumulación conspicua de capitales, sino también se requiere un contexto de justificación ideológica, como alternativa a las propuestas del marxismo, el socialismo y el comunismo. </i></b> La guerra entonces, no sólo será económica y militar, sino que requiere también, tener armas y trincheras ideológicas, robustas y convincentes. Y unas de esas herramientas ideológicas de las oligarquías plutocráticas, fueron</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i> las tesis éticas de Rand, las cuales representan un esquema conceptual que justifica un status quo basado en la desigualdad social, y las cuales son una oda a la acumulación de riqueza, a la
defensa superlativa de los intereses individuales egoístas (utilitarismo egoísta), por encima de los intereses sociales o
estatales. </i></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXO3fAJ2S4ceB3ntMkpUyPiYH06NE9Er9BH6mkCgiKtrwA7ayThUyZIFnu8jy0jwa6tKSXoJxyJjWxbCmQyNt-cjzdidDR7KiehsSh7PqpP3dUPNtU7Mcfza4-61y4NZpcQiIWvHQZX9Tc/s1600/Ayn+Rand+-+Ego%25C3%25ADsmo+racional+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXO3fAJ2S4ceB3ntMkpUyPiYH06NE9Er9BH6mkCgiKtrwA7ayThUyZIFnu8jy0jwa6tKSXoJxyJjWxbCmQyNt-cjzdidDR7KiehsSh7PqpP3dUPNtU7Mcfza4-61y4NZpcQiIWvHQZX9Tc/s400/Ayn+Rand+-+Ego%25C3%25ADsmo+racional+copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">El <b><i>"<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitmotiv" target="_blank">leitmotiv</a>" randiano</i></b>, es la justificación a ultranza
de <b><i>una ética racional capitalista, del egoísmo y de la riqueza sin límites, que
divide el mundo en ricos exitosos y en pobres miserables perdedores.</i></b> Se trata pues de una dicotomía entre sujetos
egoístas, racionales y capitalistas, frente a los irracionalistas, colectivistas
y comunistas, y este era el marco teórico ideal, para justificar un sistema
económico asimétrico, basado en la desigualdad social. La obra de Rand, era
así, un canto apoteósico a las clases dominantes de la gran plutocracia en EE.UU. y ese era
su objetivo, defender con la pluma, a los sectores adinerados, con la esperanza
de obtener réditos a mediano y largo plazo de estos sectores. Este tipo de
estrategia se hizo bastante común en la sociedad estadounidense <b><i>del <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" target="_blank">consumo conspicuo</a></i></b> como la denominó<b><i> <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" target="_blank">Thorstein Veblen</a></i></b>, en especial entre diversos tipos de inmigrantes,
desde yoguis, gurús orientales y todo tipo de líderes religiosos, hasta una pléyade de escritores
de literatura ligera y política acomodaticia, como fue el caso de Rand. Este
tipo de líderes o autores, eran asumidos con frenesí <b><i>por amplios sectores la
<a href="http://www.eumed.net/libros-gratis/2009b/562/LA%20CULTURA%20DE%20CONSUMO.htm" target="_blank">cultura del consumo</a> y <a href="http://www.academia.edu/4440689/Simmels_Theory_of_Fashion_as_a_Hypothesis_of_Affective_Capitalism" target="_blank">la moda</a> estadounidenses</i></b>, apelando a vacíos que dejaba un deficiente sistema educativo, y lo cual abría las puertas para el consumo masivo todo tipo de embustes. Y
ese fue el gran negocio de embustes ideológicos vendidos como mercancías para el consumo de masas, por parte de</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> estos gurús orientales o escritores
ligeros acomodaticios, y </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">lo sigue siendo aun hoy en día, ya no sólo con venerables místicos
orientales, sino con místicos <b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_era" target="_blank">New Age</a></i></b> modernizados y tecnologizados, que
lucran de la ignorancia, la ingenuidad, los vacíos intelectuales y emocionales de las masas estadounidenses, que son muchos. La versión
capitalista-empresarial actual de tales gurús orientales de otras épocas, es el
</span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>“<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaching" target="_blank">coaching empresarial</a>”, mucho más cerca del adoctrinamiento religioso, que de tecnologías y ciencias de la administración o de psicología individual y social científicamente validada </i></b><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><i>(Ver: <a href="http://www.diariolibre.com/opinion/cuidado-con-el-coaching-DNDL412890" target="_blank">Cuidado con el coaching</a>, <a href="http://blogs.plos.org/mindthebrain/2013/08/21/positive-psychology-is-mainly-for-rich-white-people/" target="_blank">Positive psychology is mainly for rich white people</a>)</i></b><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><i>. </i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">Dependiendo del tipo de </span><b style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><i>"gurús-coaching"</i></b><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">, en no pocas ocasiones se apela tácita o explícitamente a las tesis randianas, sin cuestionarlas en absoluto, creado así una variante denominada como </span><b style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><i>"<a href="http://chrissaxman.com/what-is-political-coaching/" target="_blank">coaching político</a>"</i></b><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">, </span><b style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><i>o "<a href="http://www.alfreddepew.com/who-i-work-with/political-leadership" target="_blank">coaching de liderazgo político</a>"</i></b><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">, <b>sesgado por </b></span><b><i><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">su carácter pseudo-científico y de obvias estrategias de adoctrinamiento ideológico o de lavado de cerebros(Ver: <a href="http://periodicotribuna.com.ar/596-el-negocio-del-coaching-ontologico.html" target="_blank">El negocio de coaching ontológico</a>). </span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Rand fue el maná
caído del cielo a la gran plutocracia de<b> EE.UU</b>. y conforme el estado de
bienestar era desmantelado y se imponía la <b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaganom%C3%ADa" target="_blank">Reaganomics</a></i></b> en los años 80´s, se
convirtió en ideario de los <b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuppie" target="_blank">Yuppie</a></i></b>, jóvenes profesionales urbanos, que <i>grosso modo</i> en
realidad son una clase media emergente, producto del estado de bienestar social
de las décadas anteriores, y quienes asumieron puestos claves tanto en la
administración privada como pública (-<b><i>incluso llegarán a la Presidencia de
EE.UU.</i></b>-), asumiendo por defecto una visión de mundo, basada en la idea de un capitalismo exitoso, consumista y libre de todo límite, cuyo estandarte se volvió la consigna que: <i>el gobierno es el problema, no la solución; </i> tornándose en hegemónica por medio de <a href="http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/04/08/actualidad/1365435099_433955.html" style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">la alianza Thatcher-Reagan</a><b style="font-style: italic;">, una especie de locura colectiva, que demarcó la política y la economía mundial de fines del siglo XX. </b>Se volvieron dominantes las tesis económicas del <b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetarismo" target="_blank">monetarismo</a></i></b>, con sus <b><i>gurús económicos surgidos dentro de la <a href="http://www.amielandmelburn.org.uk/collections/mt/pdf/85_10_44c.pdf" target="_blank">cultura Yuppie</a></i></b>, que asumieron el papel de médicos salvadores de las economías nacionales por medio de las <b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_doctrina_del_shock" target="_blank">doctrinas de Shock</a></i></b>, y que se transnacionalizaron por medio de organismos financieros como el <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_Mundial" target="_blank"><b><i>Banco Mundial</i></b></a> y el <b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondo_Monetario_Internacional" target="_blank">Fondo Monetario Internacional.</a> Estas políticas económicas transnacionalizadas, y encarnadas en organizaciones como el <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/GATT" target="_blank">GATT</a>, la <a href="https://www.wto.org/indexsp.htm" target="_blank">OMC</a> o los denominados como <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_libre_comercio" target="_blank">Tratados de Libre Comercio</a>, como <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" target="_blank">NAFTA</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Central_America_Free_Trade_Agreement" target="_blank">CAFTA</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership" target="_blank">TPP</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatlantic_Trade_and_Investment_Partnership" target="_blank">TTIP</a>, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_In_Services_Agreement" target="_blank">TISA</a> han sido y son plataformas institucionales para un ascenso vertiginoso y desenfrenado en todo el mundo, de <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bkr-paaAYJ8" target="_blank">mega-corporaciones transnacionalizadas</a>, cuyos poderes económicos colusionados, les ha permitido </i></b>asumir fácticamente el poder político de las naciones propias y ajenas, cuyas casas presidenciales se volvieron sus oficinas de relaciones públicas, incluso la Casa Blanca de EE.UU., pues el apoyo financiero de tales corporaciones, decide si alguien llega o no llega a ser Presidente, Senador o Representante legislativo de esa nación (Ver: </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><b><i><a href="http://www.opensecrets.org/news/2012/10/shadow-moneys-top-10-candidates/" target="_blank">Shadow Money’s Top 10 Candidates</a></i></b>, <b><i><a href="http://www.democracynow.org/es/blog/2010/11/4/medios_ricos_democracia_pobre" target="_blank">Medios ricos, democracia pobre</a></i></b>).</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">En el plano de las ideologías, este tipo de transnacionalización corporativa se idealizó bajo el nombre de <b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizaci%C3%B3n" target="_blank">Globalización</a></i></b>, que es la cara maquillada de los alcances de una rapacidad capitalista sin fronteras en su máxima expresión. <i style="font-weight: bold;"> </i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i style="font-weight: bold;">La desregulación gubernamental de las corporaciones y bancos por la que abogaba Rand, se volvió una realidad desde finales de los 80´s y durante los 90´s alcanzado su climax en EE.UU. </i></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">en el año 1999, cuando presidente Bill Clinton firmó la derogatoria de la </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_Glass-Steagall" style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;" target="_blank">Ley Glass-Steagall </a><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">de 1933. Esta ley tenía como objetivo poner una muralla entre las actividades y operaciones que podían realizar los bancos normales, diferenciándolas claramente de aquellas que podían realizar los llamados bancos de inversión. La voracidad financiera y bursátil tuvo luz verde para realizar sus latrocinios de manera impune(Ver: </span><a href="http://www.gloobal.net/iepala/gloobal/fichas/ficha.php?entidad=Textos&id=5673" style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;" target="_blank">Desregulación financiera e inicio de la crisis sistémica</a><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><i style="font-weight: bold;">). </i><b><i> El capitalismo especulativo se convirtió en el corazón de todo el sistema capitalista, y fue avalado por la clase política de EE.UU. </i></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>sin importar si eran gobiernos republicanos o demócratas en EE.UU., el discurso político y económico se convirtió en</i></b> <b><i><a href="http://www.crisiseconomica2010.com/Inicio/tabid/36/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/47/Ignacio-Ramonet-Pensamiento-unico-y-nuevos-amos-del-mundo.aspx" target="_blank">discurso o pensamiento único;</a> </i></b>salvando aquellas excepciones, que advertían sobre las potenciales consecuencias de la desregulación de los mercados financieros y bursátiles(<b>Ver: </b></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><b><i><a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/25/AR2009052502108.html" target="_blank">Brooksley Born, the Cassandra of the Derivatives Crisis</a></i></b>)</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">La alienación Yuppie, alcanzó su éxtasis con la caída del <b><i><a href="http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/informe-semanal/informe-semanal-dia-cayo-muro-berlin/586264/" target="_blank">Muro de Berlín</a></i></b> y <b><i><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GwGCWMEF1xo" target="_blank">el alevoso desmantelamiento político de la U.R.S.S</a></i></b>., pero pronto tuvo que enfrentarse a sus propios demonios, que amenazaban con desplomar todo el sistema económico capitalista especulativo financiero desregulado. El primer aviso fue el caso del </span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunes_negro_(1987)" target="_blank">Lunes Negro de 1987</a></i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> cuando los mercados de valores se desplomaron en todo el mundo, y a la consecutiva </span></span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_1990s_recession" target="_blank">recesión de principios de los 90</a>.</i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Pero esto fue sólo el inicio, de una secuencia de estallidos de burbujas cada vez más agresivas y destructivas. que se han convertido en la regla con ciclos cada vez más cortos, más que excepciones de largo plazo. El primer gran colapso fue el estallido de la </span></span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbuja_financiera_e_inmobiliaria_en_Jap%C3%B3n" target="_blank">burbuja financiera e inmobiliaria de la potencia industrial de Japón</a></i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">, cayendo en una recesión crónica, pues más de 20 años después, no ha podido salir de sus permanentes recesiones y no se avizora una pronta salida, todo lo contrario, su deuda interna en permanente aumento producto de la expansión monetaria de la <b><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abenomics" target="_blank">Abenomics</a>, </i></b> <b><i>supera el 250% de su P.I.B.</i></b>, y es un obvio augurio que tarde o temprano, toda la economía nipona se volverá insostenible, lo cual es un espejo no distante de toda la economía global. <b><i>La economía de Japón es como una casa antigua hermosa por fuera, que en apariencia no muestra deterioros, pero carcomida por comején por dentro en todos sus intersticios internos y escondidos, por lo que, cuando se desplome, será totalmente, sin posibilidades de hacerle reparaciones.</i></b> (<b>Ver:</b> <b><i><a href="http://fortune.com/2015/02/26/japan-economic-time-bomb/" target="_blank">Forget Greece, Japan is the world´s real economic time bomb</a></i></b>)</span></span><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">. </span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px; text-align: justify;"><b>Deuda pública japonesa, la verdadera bomba de tiempo económica</b></span></center>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><b>En 2015 supera el 250% del P.I.B. y en aumento</b></span></span></center>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>La cultura económica: "<u>Yuppie</u>", obnubilada con el consumo y la competitividad conspicuas</i></b>, <b><i>están en la base de la secuencia de colapsos financieros de finales del siglo XX</i></b>(-<b><i><a href="http://hipsterjew.com/is-there-a-difference-between-yuppie-and-hipster/" target="_blank">no confundir con sus primos no competitivos, los Hipsters, aunque no menos consumistas conspicuos</a></i></b>-). Por ello, este tipo de cultura económica, exaltó frenéticamente durante los 90´s como símbolo del éxito económico capitalista a su vez, y dignos de ser imitados por el resto del mundo, a los </span></span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuatro_tigres_asi%C3%A1ticos" target="_blank">tigres asiáticos: Corea del Sur, Singapur, Hong Kong y Taiwan.</a> </i>No obstante, tal espejismo, pronto se difuminó con el <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_financiera_asi%C3%A1tica" target="_blank"><i>estallido de la burbuja asiática</i></a>, </b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> de fines de los 90´s, <b><i><a href="http://www.eumed.net/cursecon/libreria/2004/cno/4c.htm" target="_blank">cuyo disparador fue un devaluación de monedas en dominó </a></i></b>(-<i>análogo a lo que sucede en 2015-</i>), que afectó a todo el sureste asiático, incluyendo también a los países emuladores del putativo éxito de los tigres asiáticos (-<i>o también llamados: <b><u>"tigres de tercera generación"</u></b>, considerando a Japón, como el primero de ellos</i>-), como <b><i><u>Malasia, Filipinas e Indonesia</u></i></b>. Pronto la crisis regional se transnacionalizó y se convirtió en la<b> <i><u>"primer gran crisis económica de la globalización</u></i>".</b> </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">La crisis asiática, disparada en Tailandia a partir del segundo semestre de 1997 y que por la vía de los lazos vinculantes creados por medio de la: </span><i style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">"globalización"</i><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">, se contagió a los demás países de la región, y luego al resto del mundo. </span><i style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><u><b>¿Qué sucedió con estos modelos de producción al parecer exitosos desde fines de los años 70´s e inicios de los 90´s)?.</b></u></i><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"> La crisis, cuya burbuja y estallido fue altamente beneficioso para transnacionales estadounidenses y europeas, que <b><i>se apoderaron a precios risibles de las grandes empresas privadas locales y de muchos de los activos y recursos públicos de estas naciones,</i></b> se produjo precisamente cuando los gobiernos asiáticos, influidos por <b><i>un modelo desregulacionista transatlántico, este fue trasplantado al sur este asiático en los años 90´s</i></b> y abandonaron su proteccionismo comercial, redujeron las tarifas arancelarias, liberalizaron los mercados financieros, disminuyeron el gasto público y desmontaron el control estatal sobre la economía, especialmente sobre el sector financiero y bancario que antes había sido tan riguroso. O sea que la crisis se presentó cuando los tigres asiáticos abandonaron su modelo económico basado en la planificación y dirección estatal, que les había dado un crecimiento tan notable. Como primer gran crisis de la globalización, dejó en evidencia, los alcances del pensamiento económico único heredero de la</span><i style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><b> reaganomics y el thatcherismo</b></i><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">, y se mostró como una efectiva arma de destrucción económica masiva, pues arrastró a decenas de millones al desempleo, la pobreza, la miseria y el hambre en el sureste asiático, cuyo impacto aun está presente, de manera análoga a otras regiones del mundo, en donde se ha aplicado este modelo económico. </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Al momento, no se han datado las dimensiones totales de dicha crisis, pero fue la primera campanada que mostraba, como este modelo económico, se encuentra sometido a volatilidades caóticas de los mercados financieros especulativos, inflando y haciendo estallar burbujas, cuyas consecuencias terminan siendo desastrosas e irreparables a los sectores productivos de la economía real. Tras el estallido de la burbuja asiática, se impuso a <b><i>los otrora "tigres asiáticos"</i></b>, una <b><i><a href="http://materias.fi.uba.ar/7106/Resumen%200302/Texido/STIGLITZ%20sudeste%20asiatico.pdf" target="_blank">destructiva doctrina de shock económica y política, aplicada por el F.M.I</a></i></b>. con sus </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">exigencias</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> para ser rescatados, <b><i><a href="http://es.slideshare.net/JavierSaborido/fmi-banco-mundial-y-tigres-asiticos-aos-90" target="_blank">los efectos de tal crisis, aun están presentes,</a></i></b> pues, a pesar del glamour aparente, </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ni siquiera el país exaltado como paradigma de libertades económicas, como lo es: </span></span><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Singapur, ha podido sobreponerse a la misma, y tras las crisis punto-com y subprime del 2008, dado su </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">dependencia directa de las especulaciones subterráneas de Wall Street, </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">va en camino a desplomarse por completo, al menor atisbo de una nueva recesión global, lo cual generaría un efecto dominó, en el desplome final de estos tigres de papel o lo que queda de ellos (Ver: </span></span></i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><b><i><a href="http://www.forbes.com/sites/jessecolombo/2014/01/13/why-singapores-economy-is-heading-for-an-iceland-style-meltdown/" target="_blank">Why Singapore's Economy Is Heading For An Iceland-Style Meltdown</a>)</i></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Hacia finales de los 90´s, la ilusión Yuppie, con su fe </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">inconmovible</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> en paraísos capitalistas utópicos de éxito y consumo sin fin, se trasladó pronto entonces a las </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><b><i>Tecnologías</i></b></span><b style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i> de la Información y la Comunicación</i></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">, y a l<b><i><a href="http://economipedia.com/definiciones/burbuja-de-las-punto-com.html" target="_blank">as milagrosas empresas virtuales en Internet, que de pronto y de la nada, se cotizaban en miles de millones de dólares.</a></i></b> Pero esta quimera, pronto tropezó con la realidad y estalló la burbuja </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbuja_punto_com" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" target="_blank"><b><i>punto-com</i></b></a><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">, cuya ola expansiva desestabilizó muchos sectores de economía real, llevando a una situación crítica y a otra gran recesión; y cuando las quimeras económicas fallan, la industria militar se encuentra siempre lista a salvar al capitalismo, lubricando con sangre su atrofiada maquinaria productiva. Este contexto, fue entonces, la</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> antesala de la </span><i style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://threetrilliondollarwar.org/" target="_blank"><b>Guerra de Irak o Three Trillon Dollar War como la denominó Joseph Stiglitz</b></a></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> (-</span><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">último caso y fallido de </span><b style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynesianismo_militar" target="_blank">keynesinismo militar</a></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> que sostuvo </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">económicamente</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> a las principales potencias participantes del </span><b style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complejo_industrial-militar" target="_blank">Complejo-Industrial-Militar</a></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> por décadas-</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">). </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">El estallido de la burbuja punto-com, fue la razón (o excusa que necesitaban los grandes especuladores de los sectores financieros y bursátiles) de una significativa bajada de las tasas de interés y políticas de expansión monetaria por parte de la </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_Reserva_Federal" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" target="_blank"><b><i>Reserva Federal de EE.UU.</i></b></a><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> y promulgada </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">por su Presidente, el amigo y fiel discípulo de Rand: </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" style="font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 115%;" target="_blank">Alan Greespan</a> </span><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">(Ver: </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><a href="http://www.elblogsalmon.com/entorno/la-influencia-de-ayn-rand-sobre-alan-greenspan-y-su-impacto-en-la-economia-mundial" target="_blank">La influencia de Ayn Rand sobre Alan Greenspan</a>)</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">.</span><i style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; line-height: 115%;"> </i><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Tales políticas monetarias, de inyección a rauduales de capitales inorgánicos, de bajas tasas de interés y de una marcada desregulación de los mercados financieros y bursátiles, llevó a inflar una gigantesca burbuja bursátil, y que terminará por estallar en el 2008, en la conocida </b><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_de_las_hipotecas_subprime" style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">crisis subprime</a><i style="font-weight: bold;">. </i>No obstante, una putativa norma básica del capitalismo, es que las empresas que fracasan, quiebran y desparecen, dejando espacio para tan solo las exitosas. Pero los Yuppies entronados en el poder político, al descubrir que si seguían las crudas reglas de un capitalismo competitivo, su quimera económica iniciada en los 80´s se desplomaría por completo e incluso, todo el sistema capitalista, tal y como había sido predicho por muchos teóricos desde el siglo XIX como <b>Karl H. Marx y Rosa Luxemburgo</b>, implosionaría y desaparecería; entonces, decidieron suspender el sistema económico y sostenerlo artificiosamente por medio del poder del dólar, creando rescates financieros trillonarios con dinero ficticio o inorgánico, conocidos como <b><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailout" target="_blank">"Bail Out"</a></i></b>. Pero tal ceguera producto de su desesperación y rapaces intereses creados de estos sectores financieros incorporados en puestos públicos (<b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerta_giratoria_(pol%C3%ADtica)" target="_blank">puerta giratoria</a></i></b>), ha creado </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">una nueva burbuja aun más gigante de <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_easing" target="_blank"><b>flexibilización o expansión cuantitativa,</b></a></i> y basada en un descomunal <b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquema_Ponzi" target="_blank">esquema Ponzi</a> invertido, a decir una pirámide invertida, sostenida por una pequeña punta de economía real (basada en el sector trabajo real) y que es triturada por el resto de la gran mole piramidal y cuyos estratos superiores y cada vez más amplios, son los sectores financieros y bursátiles de la economía especulativa ficticia. Toda la economía mundial </i></b> se ha vuelto una <b><i>pirámide invertida,</i></b> <b><i>cuya pequeña punta de la economía real, está por desaparecer tarde o temprano</i></b>, pues el esquema Ponzi de capitales especulativos emitidos inorgánicamente,<b><i> han hecho innecesario el trabajo como fuente de riqueza y han vuelto innecesaria incluso la recaudación de impuestos</i></b>, pues cuando los gobiernos necesitan liquidez, <b><i>tan sólo emiten dinero inorgánico y corren a raudales las corrientes de dinero líquido por los sectores financieros y bursátiles.</i></b> Eso es lo que desde el estallido de la crisis subprime en el 2008, han hecho los gobiernos de <b>Japón, y EE.UU. y Gran Bretaña</b>, y más recientemente, la <b>Zona Euro</b> ha optado también por crear su propio esquema Ponzi invertido. Para el
<b>2015</b>, tras siete años de<b><i> tasas de interés de 0% o casi 0%,</i></b> se hace imposible
revertir este tipo de políticas monetarias, sin que todo el esquema se derrumbe. Es decir, la
desregulación randiana, en el contexto de los mercados bursátiles y
financieros, de libre flujo de capitales y activos, ha llevado a la economía
real ha desaparecer, pues esta es menos rentable a corto plazo, que la
especulativa basada en capitales dinerarios inorgánicos, incluso en corporaciones que se suponen son estandartes de la economía real, como el caso de <b><i><a href="http://www.eleconomista.es/tecnologia/noticias/6442478/02/15/Apple-emitira-bonos-por-5000-millones-para-recomprar-acciones-o-pagar-dividendo.html#.Kku8Jjjl4hxClgI" target="_blank">Apple, que gasta miles de millones de dólares, no en innovación o producción tecnológica, sino en recomprar sus propias acciones</a></i></b>, pues las políticas monetarias de flexibilización cuantitativa, así lo promueven. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Por ende toda la
economía del sistema capitalista ha quedado reducida a una ficción especulativa en el </span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><a href="http://planetponzi.com/" target="_blank">Planeta Ponzi</a></i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Así pues, si eres rico, encuentras en Ayn Rand, los
"mantra" que te permiten inmunizar tu consciencia, frente a la exclusión social, la miseria y la pauperización humana. O si no eres rico, pero sueñas con que
quisieras ser rico alguna vez, aunque no sepas cuándo, ni cómo, recibes
las promesas de Rand, que por tus propios méritos y siguiendo sus recetas del<b><i>
<a href="http://objetivismo.org/egoismo/" target="_blank">"egoísmo racional"</a></i></b><a href="http://objetivismo.org/egoismo/" target="_blank">,</a> alcanzarás el paraíso perdido del capitalismo, la
<b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Jerusal%C3%A9n" target="_blank">Nueva Jerusalén</a></i></b> de riqueza abundante. Una utopía, que luego de algún tiempo,
excepto para los que ya tenían mucha riqueza, la gran mayoría, por más esfuerzos denodados que hagan toda su vida, difícilmente podrían verla hecha
realidad, porque un recrudecido sistema capitalista del siglo XXI y sus mecanismos perversos para la acumulación de riqueza, es un ensamblaje elitista, está orientado a perpetuar y resguardar el poder hegemónico de las clases dominantes, cada vez más reducidas y excluyentes, y se encuentra amurallado para evitar la inclusión significativa de más sujetos dentro de ellas,
pues en caso contrario, no habría mano de obra de la cual succionar la riqueza,
por medio de la explotación obrera, en todos sus estratos laborales. Todo el sistema, se orienta tan sólo a la acumulación de riqueza en pequeños sectores, por lo que <b><i>la maquinaria capitalista reduce el crecimiento económico (g) al aumento de las las tasas de rentabilidad o de retorno(r)</i></b>, lo que hace obvio, que <b><i>el objetivo único de todo el sistema capitalista, es la acumulación de riqueza concentrada en cada vez más pequeños sectores</i></b>, como lo ha explicado <b><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" target="_blank"><i>Thomas Piketty</i></a></b>, en su libro <b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_capital_en_el_siglo_XXI" target="_blank">El Capital en el siglo XXI</a>, aunque sin los colmillos críticos de <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" target="_blank">Karl H. Marx</a>, en su obra <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_capital" target="_blank">El Capital</a>, explicando este fenómeno con mucho más perspicacia cuando dio cuenta de la <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasa_de_ganancia" target="_blank">tasa de ganancia</a> en función de <a href="https://rolandoastarita.wordpress.com/2015/09/09/marx-sobre-trabajo-plusvalor-y-renta/" target="_blank">los plusvalores obtenidos</a>, a partir del capital invertido en los ciclos productivos. </i></b> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aun cuando Rand se convirtió
en el emblema de grupos <b><i>"libertarios",</i></b> eso se
trató de un amor no correspondido, pues ella los denominó como: <b><i>"hippies
de derechas",</i></b> y llegó a afirmar que <b><i>era mejor hacerse marxista que
hacerse "libertario"</i></b>. Las razones de este amor no
correspondido es <b><i>una evidencia de lo ilusos que resultan estos autodenominados como
"libertarios", quienes se ven a sí mismos como los partidarios coherentes de
la máxima libertad y de la mínima interferencia estatal en todas las
actividades humanas.</i></b> <b><i>Su concepto de libertad, se asocia al de
propiedad privada individual, y este individualismo se asocia al de
"democracia" (gobierno del pueblo).</i></b> Así cualquier intento de
expropiación de los bienes individuales, especialmente de los grandes
empresarios y corporaciones, es un ataque directo, a su concepto de libertad y
democracia. Lo cual revela una contradicción básica nunca resuelta. Primero<b><i>, el
concepto de propiedad privada, es una restricción al concepto de libertad</i></b>,
y para su existencia<b><i>, tiene que existir de previo un estado o constructo jurídico colectivista</i></b>,
bajo principios del derecho burgués moderno, es decir, un contrato social, que
defina, garantice y proteja coercitivamente tales tipos de propiedad privada,
lo cual es una evidente restricción a las libertades individuales del resto de
sujetos, que aunque carezcan de cualquier tipo de propiedad privada, <b><i>tendrán que someterse a los designios "colectivistas" del tal
contrato social y respetar entonces la propiedad privada de los otros, en el
contexto de un estado de derecho burgués.</i></b> Y segundo, <b><i>el
individualismo, es contradictorio con un sistema político democrático,</i></b> <b><i>pues
la democracia es el gobierno del pueblo, es decir, un colectivismo más en
sentido randiano,</i></b> en el cual cada sujeto, se somete a las decisiones de
la mayoría de ese pueblo, lo cual es otra restricción a las libertades
individuales. Por ello, para que sea factible una democracia, no sólo en el sentido griego
clásico, tanto en su práctica como en sus teóricos, como: <b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B3n" target="_blank">Platón</a></i></b> y <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teles" target="_blank"><b><i>Aristóteles</i></b>,</a> sino en el moderno, de los teóricos de la misma, como <b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke" target="_blank">John Locke</a>, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" target="_blank">Thomas Jefferson</a>, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montesquieu" target="_blank">Montesquieu</a> o <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" target="_blank">Jean Jaques Rousseau</a></i></b><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" target="_blank">,</a> <b><i>entre otros,</i></b> <b><i>el individualismo en sentido randiano, es
imposible, incompatible con cualquier tipo de democracia.</i></b> Son obvias
contradicciones, que los <b><i>libetarios randianos</i></b>, por muy racionales
que pretendan ser, nunca han resuelto, <b><i>pues para cumplir su ideal libertario, tendrían que renunciar o a la
propiedad privada o a un estado democrático, o a ambas, dado que cualquiera de las dos, son obvias restricciones fundamentales a las libertades individuales de los ciudadanos de cualquier nación. </i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgCBWK6-8IC87TRDyu0Gd95O5lgqYvy88tcUaktbxZ6CDNyZk-O0EAWleCvmclrwpnROuflcKn0FFFWAUiVpRNIHgZ6rUc00k8syvcjqCZY3YaLpSSS5iXcA5py38ko2EM7h_TNXHh0pID/s1600/Zizek+John+Galt+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgCBWK6-8IC87TRDyu0Gd95O5lgqYvy88tcUaktbxZ6CDNyZk-O0EAWleCvmclrwpnROuflcKn0FFFWAUiVpRNIHgZ6rUc00k8syvcjqCZY3YaLpSSS5iXcA5py38ko2EM7h_TNXHh0pID/s400/Zizek+John+Galt+copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">·</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://mega.nz/#F!HlUVkbIR!X67GUgtjmEJOPMJU_aMBxA" target="_blank">Obras de Ayn Rand PDFs descargables </a></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Ver también:</b></span><br />
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<li style="text-align: left;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"> <a href="http://bit.ly/1tw7AhP">“Los "subnormales" en Ayn Rand,
analogías con la "higiene racial" nazi”</a></span></i></b></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://bit.ly/1YLjff9">“La Rebelion de Atlas, una fábula neoliberal.”</a></span></i></b></li>
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Filosofía en Costa Ricahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913529307278002591noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3899327006290566633.post-49459854889170990632015-09-19T01:33:00.000-06:002015-09-24T08:34:42.837-06:00Actualidad del pensamiento de Herbert Marcuse (+Entrevista, +Texto, +PDFs)<center>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Herbert Marcuse y la Escuela de Francfort</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij_YPt_oCbhAn208sIFYP8kISSbjiBueFosvXmkymnmXPejvbGlA3jJGdOKWWFbOakqz7x9rLPptNFZ9VU6RSawUZLcCDBX8ikSSJ4ldsdrueHaUvrQfwkSRu3ROEYScZ-30KJQfATu72e/s1600/Herbert+Marcuse+DISE%25C3%2591O+BASE+COLOR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij_YPt_oCbhAn208sIFYP8kISSbjiBueFosvXmkymnmXPejvbGlA3jJGdOKWWFbOakqz7x9rLPptNFZ9VU6RSawUZLcCDBX8ikSSJ4ldsdrueHaUvrQfwkSRu3ROEYScZ-30KJQfATu72e/s320/Herbert+Marcuse+DISE%25C3%2591O+BASE+COLOR.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">En <b>1978</b>, Herbert Marcuse concedió cuarenta minutos de su tiempo a participar de una serie de entrevistas realizadas por el profesor británico y divulgador <b>Bryan Magee</b>. Dichas entrevistas fueron publicadas en forma de texto en un libro titulado Men of Ideas (1978), donde se reúnen diálogos que el inglés mantuvo con Noam Chomsky, Iris Murdoch y Marcuse, entre muchos otros. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Con un imborrable acento teutónico, con un discurso pausado, preciso, Herbert Marcuse evoca con admiración los<i><b> años turbulentos de la República de Weimar</b></i> que vieron florecer al Instituto de Investigación Social, hoy conocido como la <b>Escuela de Frankfurt</b>, que lideraron <b>Horkheimer y Adorno</b>. Para cuando se llevó a cabo la entrevista, Marcuse, que ya lo había escrito todo (moriría unos pocos meses más tarde, en el verano del 79), era una estatua viva del pensamiento continental exportado a Norteamerica, donde había escrito en inglés sus libros más brillantes, como <b><i>El hombre unidimensional (1954) y Eros y civilización (1955),</i></b> ensayo en el que conjuga a Marx y a Freud con una lucidez asombrosa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bryan Magee está siempre intentando correr a Marcuse un poco más hacia la derecha, arrastrarlo hacia Occidente, barrer para casa y llevarlo a su terreno. Se concentra en las <b><i>discrepancias que Marcuse mantiene con el marxismo tradicional,</i></b> subraya con entusiasmo su heterodoxia. Le pone palabras en la boca a Marcuse que, escandalizado, niega rotundamente suscribir; esboza prejuicios en boca de televidentes hipotéticos o de críticos anónimos y ajenos. Prejuicios que, proyectan también los suyos. Se nota que es la <b><i>guerra fría, donde la batalla ideológica era un debate abierto que se ponía en escena</i></b>. El profesor, a veces, se sobresalta un poco, y sin perder la compostura contraargumenta de forma rigurosa, mientras divulga sus ideas con nivel pedagógico envidiable.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Desde la perspectiva que nos otorga volver a ver esta entrevista desde siglo XXI, la conversación que mantienen, sobre cómo el poder económico parece sojuzgar al poder político y sobre la presunta acumulación de capital que se había estado gestando durante la década de los setenta, no puede más que provocarnos una sonrisa algo amarga.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Ideas en obras de Herbert Marcuse(Vídeo)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>HERBERT MARCUSE</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">El hombre unidimensional</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i><span style="font-size: large;">Ensayo sobre la ideología </span></i></b></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: large;">de la sociedad industrial avanzada</span></i></b></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Capítulo 6.</span><br /><i>Del pensamiento negativo al positivo:<br />La racionalidad tecnológica y la lógica de la dominación</i></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">E</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odos<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>do<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>del
ho<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>bre<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>por<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el ho<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>bre<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>es
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odav<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>nu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ór<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>que
v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ncu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>Razón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>pre-<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ecno<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ca</b><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ecno<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca.<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>S<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>bargo, <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>edad<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>que
pro<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>za<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ran<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ecno<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>za,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>era<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a ba<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
do<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>ree<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>azando<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>gradua<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lm</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
dependenc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>per<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>onal (del<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>avo<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>dueño,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ervo con<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>eñor<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>hac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enda,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>eñor<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>donador<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>feudo,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>c.)<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>por<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>dependenc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><b>«orden
ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>vo<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>»</b><span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>(<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>econó<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>ado<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>c.).<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">D</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>uego,<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>«<b>orden<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>vo<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>»
</b>es<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>í<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>ado<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>do<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>pero<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>én<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>que <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>do<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>genera
ahora<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span>ad<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>a:<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>edad<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ene<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ruc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">j</span>erárqu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ras
exp<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>cada<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>vez<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>ef<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>caz<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>recur<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>y
na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>y d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>benef<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
exp<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>en
una<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>cada<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>vez<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a.<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">it</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>fuerza, aparecen<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>progre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>va<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>av<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">it</span>ud<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ho<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>bre<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>por
par<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>un apara<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>produc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>vo<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>perpe<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>úa<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ucha<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>por<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ende<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ucha<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ernac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>arru<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>das<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>aque<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>os que<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y
u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>an e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e apara<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o.</b><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">E</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>pun<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>e
hace<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>aro<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>go<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>debe<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span>ad<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>o.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>que e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>ho<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>bres<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>han<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>organ<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>zado<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>raba<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>duda<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>en
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>pos<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ua<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>cuando,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>por<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>un <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ado,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>grandes<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>pre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>án<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>pue<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>acr<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>car
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span>ven<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>pre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>pr<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>vada<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><b>«<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>bre»</b><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ven<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ped<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dos<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os reg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>gob<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>erno,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>por<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ro
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ado,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rucc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>gue<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>proced<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>endo
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>do<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>progre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>va.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>S<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n
e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span>argo,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>cue<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>no
puede<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>quedar<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>pun<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a
organ<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>zac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>equ<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>vocada<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;">
</span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>edad<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ge<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span>exp<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">it</span>uac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>edad <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ndu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>al <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><i>avan<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">z</span>ada, <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span></i>en <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>que
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>egra<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as
<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>fuerzas
<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>es <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e nega<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>vas<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>cenden<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>con el<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>parece<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>crear<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>una nueva e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ruc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Esta transformación de la oposición
negativa en positiva señala el problema: la organización <b>«equivocada»</b>, al
convertirse en totalitaria en sus bases internas, rechaza las alternativas. Por
supuesto, es bastante natural, y no parece exigir una explicación profunda, el
que los beneficios tangibles del sistema sean considerados dignos de defenderse;
especialmente a la vista de la fuerza contraria del comunismo actual que parece
ser la alternativa histórica. Pero sólo es natural para una forma de pensamiento
y de conducta que no desea y quizás es incapaz de comprender lo que está pasando
y por qué está pasando, una forma de pensamiento y conducta que es inmune a
cualquier orden que no sea la racionalidad establecida. En el grado en que
corresponden a la realidad dada, el pensamiento y la conducta expresan una falsa
conciencia, respondiendo y contribuyendo a la preservación de un falso
orden dé hechos.
Y esta falsa conciencia ha llegado a estar incorporada
en el aparato
técnico dominante que a su vez la reproduce.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">V</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">i</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>or<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>onal<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>produc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>Sabe<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>que <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rucc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el
prec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>del progre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ue<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>prec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>da,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a renunc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>fuerzo<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>prerrequ<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">it</span>os para<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>gra<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>acer,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>negoc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>deben<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>r ade<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y
que<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>erna<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>vas<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>on u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>óp<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>.
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>deo<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>og<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>per<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>enece<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>apara<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>do;<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>requ<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">it</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>para<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>u con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>nuo<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>func<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o
y es<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>par<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">S<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>bargo,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>el apara<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>fru<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>prop<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>prop<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ó</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">it</span>o,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>porque<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>propó<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">it</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>crear<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a
hu<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>obre<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>ba<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">z</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>hu<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>zada.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>Y<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">é</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>prop<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ó</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">it</span>o,<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>es<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">t</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">odav<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>pecho<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>Pero
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>én<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>porque,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>de el<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>pr<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>nega<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>vo<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o po<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">iti</span>vo,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nhu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>ano<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>en <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>hu<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>z<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>av<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">it</span>ud<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>berac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón.<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">á</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
de<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>pero<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de una<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>que <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ene<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>par<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e dec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>va<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>area<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>reun<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>r <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>razón <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>eór<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a prác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ca.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b>L</b></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b>a <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>edad<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e
reproduce<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>í <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>crec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ordena<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>écn<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>es que<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tili</span>za<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>écn<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ho<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>bre;<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ras<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>pa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>abra<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ucha<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>por
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
exp<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ho<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>bre<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">z</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>egan<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>cas<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>y
rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>.</b><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>dob<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>gn<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>cado<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<b><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>«rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>z<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón»</b><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>evan<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>en
e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ge<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ón
c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón
c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>del
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>raba<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>au<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
produc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>pre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>econó<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>ca,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>po<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">líti</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>y cu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>ura.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>ado<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>vel<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>da.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">A</span>l
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>po,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>obre<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>ba<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a
e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>onal<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>produce<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ode<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span>ad<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>conduc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">j</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ue<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ve<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>pec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ruc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>vos<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>opre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>vos<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>pre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>écn<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>án<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>dadas<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en
nuevas<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>de con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rol<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>¿Puede<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>uno<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>can<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ranqu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">il</span>o a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>endo<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>que e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>ado<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el
produc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de una<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><i>ap<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>cac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span></i><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>pec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a?<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Y</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>creo<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>recc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>general<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>egó<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>ap<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>cado<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>era<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nheren<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a pura,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>cuando<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e
bu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>caba<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ngún<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>prop<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ó</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">it</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>prác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>co,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>puede<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>den<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>car<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>pun<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>el que<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>razón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>eór<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e conv<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>prác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>Con e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>recordaré<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>breve<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>or<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>genes <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odo<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>cos<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>nueva rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span>ad,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ándo<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>pec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ode<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>pre<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ecno<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>en el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>cap<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ít</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>or.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">L</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>cuan<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>eza,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>evó<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u exp<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ér<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nos<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ruc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>uras
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>eparó<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odos<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nes<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nheren<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ecuen<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>eparó
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o verdadero<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>bueno,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>é<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ca.<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">N</span>o <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>po<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>có<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>pueda<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>def<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ahora<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>eza<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>erre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>us<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>par<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>;<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>puede conceb<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>en <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nos<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>de
«cau<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>».<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>Y<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>apar<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tit</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>vo<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>pueda<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>papel<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>pun<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ervac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>cá<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ed<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>da,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o no<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>puede<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">j</span>ugar<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u
papel<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>agen<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>é<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>co, e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>po<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">líti</span>co.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>Razón<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>por<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ado<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>nece<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dades<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>eos<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>pob<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón (que<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span>ha<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>pero<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>rara<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
Razón)<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>por<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ro,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>ha<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>pr<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o
del<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>pen<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">il</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>óf<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><b>«na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>eza<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>»</b>,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>edad,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>fue def<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>da
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>para
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">j</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>car
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>repre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>upre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>perfec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>.
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>l verdadero<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>conoc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">imi</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
razón<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>requ<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>eren<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a do<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>nac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>obre <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">—</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>i no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>berac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de—<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>ogos<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>ros</b><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>eva<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><b>P<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ón</b><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>upre<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>ogo<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>;<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> <b>A</b></span><b>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ó<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span></b>,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el
d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>undo<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ov<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>por<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>él es<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>«eró<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ca»<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>ó<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ér<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>nos<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de ana<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>og<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>onces<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><b>el precar<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>nexo<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>ogos<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>y
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>ros<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>e ro<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>y <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>aparece<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>neu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>.</b><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">A</span>que<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>por<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o que<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">z</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>(<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>ndo<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ho<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>bre)<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>debe<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>uchando<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>es c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>onal<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>ó<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o en <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nos<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>genera<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ov<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span>:<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>qu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>o
b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fuera<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e
v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ve<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>undo<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>va<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ores<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>va<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ores<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>eparados<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad
ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>va<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e
hacen<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>ub<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>vo<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>ún<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>anera<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de
re<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>guna<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>va<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dez<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nofen<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>va<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>para e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>parece<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>anc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>af<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>(<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ey<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>).<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>Pero<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>al<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>anc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>cab<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>y por <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>no
es<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>va.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>va<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ores<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>pueden<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ener una<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>gn<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>(<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>oral<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y
e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">it</span>ua<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e),<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>pero<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>on
<i><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>ea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span></i>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>í<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>cuen<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>enos<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>negoc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>real de<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>—cada<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>vez <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>eno<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>cuan<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>on
e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>evados<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><i>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span></i>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">L</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">a <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>pérd<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de
rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>afec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odas<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>deas<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>que,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>por<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">z</span>a,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>pueden<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er ver<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>cadas<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ed<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>un <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">é</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odo<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">A</span>un cuando<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>ean<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>reconoc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>adas<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>y <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>en <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>prop<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>derecho,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e re<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de
no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>va<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>Pero<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>prec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">sa</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>fa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de
ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as conv<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>fac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ores<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>cohe<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>deas<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>hu<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>or<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ó<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>on<b> </b></span></span><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">«</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">dea</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>»</b>;</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">no</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">per</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">urban</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ndeb</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">da</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">en</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a
for</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">de v</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">da</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ab</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ec</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">da</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">no</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">on</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">nva</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">da</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">as</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">por</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">el hecho de</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">que </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">as</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">con</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">rad</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ga</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">conduc</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ada</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">por </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">as</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">nece</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">dades</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ar</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">as</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">de </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">os</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">negoc</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">os</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">y </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">po</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">líti</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ca.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Si <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>bueno<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>o,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>paz<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>pueden<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>deduc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>cond<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>cas<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>o
c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-</span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>pueden<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>pre<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ender<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>va<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dez<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>zac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nos de<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>razón<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>per<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>ecen<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>preferenc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nguna<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>urrecc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>gún<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>po de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">il</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">st</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>puede<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>var<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">it</span>uac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>porque<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>refu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ada<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><i>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span></i>por <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>razón c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>l carác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><b>«ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co»</b><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>deas<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>deb<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ilit</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>fa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lm</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>opo<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span>a;<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>deas<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e
conv<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>eros<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span></i>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>cr<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">íti</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>concre<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>evapora<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ó<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>fera<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>é<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>o <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">S<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>bargo,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>paradó<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>el <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>undo<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>vo,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>al
que<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ha<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>ado<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>equ<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>pado<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>ó<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>con cua<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dades<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>cuan<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>ega<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>cada<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>vez<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>depend<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>para<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>argo<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>proce<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>eza<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>gebr<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>za<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>geo<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>ree<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>aza<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>guras<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;">
</span>geo<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>cas </span></span><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">«v</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">»</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">con puras</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">operac</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ones</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">en</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ncuen</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ra</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">u
for</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ex</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">en a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">guna</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">concepc</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ón</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">de </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a
f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">il</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">en</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">con</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">porá</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ea,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">de</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">acuerdo con</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a cual</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">oda</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">de </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">enc</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ca </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ende</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ver</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e en re</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ac</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ones</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">óg</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">cas</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">o </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">á</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">noc</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ón de una </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">anc</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ob</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">va,
d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">pue</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a
con</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ra</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">el </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">o,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">parece de</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">egrar</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">D</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">de </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">feren</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">es</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">recc</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">one</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">os</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">en</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">cos</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">os f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">il</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ó</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ofos de</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">enc</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">egan</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">pó</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ares</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">obre </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a
exc</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ón</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">de</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">géneros</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">par</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">cu</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ares</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">de</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">en</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">dade</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Por<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<b> «no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>cua<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dades<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>vas<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>undo<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>or<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>...<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>é<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>on <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ó<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>ados<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dos<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>por<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>za<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span>operac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>one<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>»</b><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">.</span></span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.5pt; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;">119 </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">L</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">os<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>per<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>anecen<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ó<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>«<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>ed<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span>conven<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>»,<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><b>«po<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ados<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">»</span></b></span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-text-raise: 4.5pt; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;">1</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.5pt; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;">20 </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>cuado<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>den<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
opac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e evapora:<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>undo<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>vo<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>erde<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>carác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><b>«o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e»</b>,<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span></i>op<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>al
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">á</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>erpre<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nos<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>af<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">si</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">it</span>agór<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">-</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">N</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>eza
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">z</span>ada,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>aparece<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>una rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dea<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">É</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">s</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">t</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">as <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>on af<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>endo<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>rechazadas<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>por <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>erpre<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ervadora<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>que
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>prop<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>po<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>ánea<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odav<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>ref<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>eren<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><b>«co<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>»</b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">.</span></span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.5pt; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;">121</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pero<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>cas<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er<b><span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>«acon<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">imi</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>»</b><span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>onces<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>propo<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>ref<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>eren<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>ref<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>eren<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><i><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ó<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span></i>a)<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>bu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>carac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>zan<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>var<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>pos<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>proce<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>.</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.5pt; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;">122</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b>M</b></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b>ax Born </b>dec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ara:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">rí</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">.</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>nunca<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>ha<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>abandonado<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>odos<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>gn<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">rl</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>edades<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ri</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">.</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">[</span>Pe<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>o]<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>enudo<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">d</span>ad<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ed<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>op<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>edad<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>a,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>una
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>op<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>edad de <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>u
re<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ón
con <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">tr</span>as <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span>osa<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">.</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>La
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>pa<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e de <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>s <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ed<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>das<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>en
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">í</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca no es<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>án
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ir</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>eocupadas con <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as co<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>as que<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>nos <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>esan,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>no con <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>guna<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ase de <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span>ecc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ón,
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span>ndo<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>ado<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">á</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">li</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>po<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span></i></b><i>.</i><span style="font-size: 6.0pt; mso-font-width: 106%; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">123</span></span></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Y<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><b>W.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">H</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>enberg:</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><b>Lo que<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>nos<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">tr</span>os
e<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">á</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>un
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">«</span>hecho<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span>»
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>ó<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>una pequeña p<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">rt</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span>or<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>pa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>exa<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>pos<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>dade<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">.</span></b></i><span style="font-size: 6.0pt; mso-font-width: 106%; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">124</span></span></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">A</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">hora, <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><b>«acon<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">imi</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>»,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>«re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>one<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>»,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>«pro<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>one<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>»,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>«po<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ili</span>dade<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>»</b><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>pueden
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>gn<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>va<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>vos<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ó<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>para<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o:<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>ó<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nos<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ervac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ed<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span>a,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>en
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nos<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ruc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>uce<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón.<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ras<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>pa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>abra<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>, el<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ado<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>aquí<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><b>un <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><i>con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tit</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">o</span></i></b>;
e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>po<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e para<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>gún<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><i>da<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span></i>debe
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>puede<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>conceb<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>uce<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>o
re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón.<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>Si<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>é<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>dec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>arac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><b>Re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>chenbach<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">
</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>erá<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>verdadera<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odav<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a:<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as
propo<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>pueden<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n
referenc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>un ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ervador<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><i><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>ea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span></i>y <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><b>«per<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>urbac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones por<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ed<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ervac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón»</b><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>deben<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>no al<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ervador<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>hu<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ano,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ru<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><b>«co<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca»</b><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">.</span></span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.5pt; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;">125</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Segura<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>pode<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>que <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>ecuac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>das<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>por<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">á</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>expre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>an
(for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>an) <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>real
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>á<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ruc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>va
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a.
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>S<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n referenc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>«ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>or»<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>erva<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>de,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>A<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>puede<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><b>«<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>r»</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>B,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span><b>«preceder»</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>B, </span></span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">«re<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>ar»</b><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">B;
B</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">puede</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ar</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">«en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>re»</b><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">C,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">«<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span>or<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>que»</b><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">C,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">c....</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">egu</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">endo</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">verdad</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">que</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">as
re</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ac</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ones</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">can</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">oca</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">za</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ón,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">nc</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ón</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">den</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">dad</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">en</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ferenc</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">de
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">A</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">B,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">C.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> As</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">can</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a capac</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">dad</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">de</span><span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span></i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">dén</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">cos</span><span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">en</span><span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ferenc</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">de</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">re</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ac</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">onados</span><span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">con...</span><span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">de</span><span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">una</span><span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">anera</span><span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">pec</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ca,</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">de </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">re</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">en</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">es</span><span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ras</span><span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">re</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ac</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">one</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">c.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Só</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">que</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">capac</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">dad</span><span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ex</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">rá</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">en</span><span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">en</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">onces </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ex</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">rá</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">en</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a
e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ruc</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ura</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">de</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e;</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">erpre</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ac</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ón</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">que con</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ene</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">un fuer</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">en</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">dea</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">:</span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>os ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nan<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>ados,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>dud<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>n
e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">rr</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>por<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>su<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>x<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>eg<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>an
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>as <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>cuac<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>nad<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>Su<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e,<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>eza<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>:<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ensa en <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>nos<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>cos.<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>Pe<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>o ob<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a na<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>eza es <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>:<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>pue<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">d</span>e ser<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span>sada en <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>nos<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">á</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>cos<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">.</span></i><span style="font-size: 6.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 106%; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">1</span><span style="font-size: 6.0pt; mso-font-width: 106%; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">26</span></b></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b>K</b></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b>arl<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>Popper</b>,</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.5pt; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;">127 </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">qu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ene<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>que,<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>arro<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ór<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co,<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>cubre<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>def<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ne
d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>feren<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>va,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>nos<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>ofrece<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>erpre<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>enos<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>n
e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>proce<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o,<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>concep<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>uperados<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ór<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">limi</span>nados<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;">
</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>egrados en<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>uce<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>vo<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>;<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>una
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>erpre<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>parece<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>car<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>progre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>hac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>cen<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ro<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>o <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ea,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>verdad<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>A<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>que
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>una
cebo<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>cen<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ro<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>concep<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o
de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>verdad c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>gre.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">N</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>qu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ero<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>uger<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">il</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>porán<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>egue<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>ponga
en<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>duda<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>undo<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>erno<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>que,<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>era<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra,<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>pende<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">j</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>obre<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>pueda<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>er
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;">
</span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dera<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>pregun<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ncon<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>Conver<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>pr<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>od<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co,
e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>pen<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ene<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>dob<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ecuenc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a:<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><i>a) </i>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ece<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>acen<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>eór<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>af<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">si</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>«<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">Q</span>ué e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>..<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">?</span>»<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><b><i>(τί<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ε</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">σ</span>τί<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ν</span>)</i></b><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>func<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>onal<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>«Có<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o...<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">?</span>»<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><i>b)<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span></i>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ece<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>cer<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>eza<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>prác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>(aunque de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ngún <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>odo<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a)<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>que,
en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>us<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>operac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>con <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>bre<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>con buena<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span>conc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>del
co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>pr<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">is</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>cua<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>qu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>anc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>fuera<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>operac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ras<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>pa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>abra<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>eór<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e, <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ran<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ho<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>bre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>y
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>eza<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>no <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ene<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ros<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>vos<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>que
aque<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>que ofrece<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a fac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>bru<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odav<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>do<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ada<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>conoc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ro<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">D</span>e acuerdo<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">
</span>con el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>grado<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>concepc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>hace<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ap<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>cab<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y
efec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>va<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>é<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>es abordada<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>un <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>(h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>po<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co)<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ru<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón;<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ér<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">«</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>endo<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>»</b>,
cede<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e el <b>«<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>endo<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ru<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o»</b>.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>probada <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>efec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a
concepc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>obra co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>un <i>a p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>: </i>prede<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
exper<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>oyec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span></i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>recc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ran<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>eza, organ<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>za<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">A</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">caba<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>de ver<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">il</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>porá<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>ea<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>parece<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>uchando<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">
</span>con un e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ueve<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>gro<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>cerca<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de un<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>concep<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">st</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>eza.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>S<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>bargo,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>nueva<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>pen<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>pone<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>nuevo<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><b>«<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o </b></span></span><b><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">obre </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">us</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>»</b>.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> <b>H</b></span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">egel</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <b>co</b></span><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">end</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ó</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">on</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">og</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">dea</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">st</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a:</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">i
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">razón</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">es</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">el</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">co</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ún</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">deno</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">nador</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">del ob</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">o y el</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">o, </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">es</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">co</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">de</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">os</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">opue<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>. </i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Con e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">dea,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ontología abarcó la tensión entre objeto y sujeto;
fue saturada de concreción. La realidad de la razón era el juego de esta tensión
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">en</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">na</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ura</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">z</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a,</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">or</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">y</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">il</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">As</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">nc</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">o</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">el</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ás</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">on</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">co</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">en</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">dea</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">de una</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">anc</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">que</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e de</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">envue</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ve</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">í
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">en</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ob</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">o:</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">dea</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">de una</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">rea</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">dad</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">an</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">agón</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ca.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">l
e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">it</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">en</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">co</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ha</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">deb</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ilit</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ado</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">cada</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">vez</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ás</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e an</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">agon</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">o.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">il</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">en</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">oder</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">puede
e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ezar</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">y</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">en</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">con</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">noc</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ón</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">de</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">dos</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">anc</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>cog<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">it</span>ans<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span></i>y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span><i><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span></i>;</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">pero</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">confor</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ex</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">en</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">hace</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">pren</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">en</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ecuac</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ones</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">á</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">cas</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">que,</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">raduc</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">da</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ecno</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">og</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">«rehacen»</b><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">erde</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">u carác</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">co</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">anc</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ndepend</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">en</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>La an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>gua<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span>ndo<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>en p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span>esos<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>vos<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>spac<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>o
y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>po,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;">
</span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>ocesos<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>se<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">fl</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>—en<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">p</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>as,<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">f</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ana<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">tr</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>res<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>cog<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>ans y <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">r</span>es ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ensa—,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>no <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>s
un pun<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>o de p<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>da
adecuado <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">p</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>a nue<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">tr</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>ens<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>na</i><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 6.0pt; mso-font-width: 106%; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">128</span></b></span></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">L</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">a d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>car<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ana<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>del <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>undo<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>ha <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>pue<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a
en<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>cue<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>én<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>prop<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>erreno.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span><b><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">H</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ss</span>erl</b> <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>eña<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ó<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><b><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>go<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span></i>car<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ano</b>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>ú<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ltim</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ér<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>no,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>era<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lm</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>anc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ndepend<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>no
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;">
</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><b>«re<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>duo»</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>cuan<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón;<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>parece<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dea<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>undo<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><b><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">G</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lil</span>eo</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o <i><b><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a</b><span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span></i><b>«un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>pura»<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span></b>do<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><i>a<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span></i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>concepc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>car<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ana<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">.</span></span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-text-raise: 4.5pt; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;">1</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.5pt; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;">29 </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">E</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">n<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>al ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>dua<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>car<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ano<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>engaño<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>y
el<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>ego-<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>anc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>pen<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> <b>D</b></span><b>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>car<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span></b>,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>gual<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a <i><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>es
ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a, </i>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>pando el<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 2.9pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co
de<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ervac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón
y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>da
cuan<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span>dua<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o de <b><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">D</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>car<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>negac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón;<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>arar<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>que cerrar<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el ca<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>hac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a el e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ec<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de
un<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>onal<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">z</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><b>«o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e»</b>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ea,
del<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o. Y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o
e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>onado<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>u
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>undo<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de una <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ane<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>pec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><b>...la naturaleza es puesta bajo el signo del hombre activo, del hombre que inscribe la técnica en la naturaleza.130</b></i></span></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">L</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>eza<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>arro<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ba<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>o
el<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><i>a p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span></i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ecno<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>que
pr<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>eza
co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>un <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ru<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>po<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>un
equ<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>po de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rol<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>y organ<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>zac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>Y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>aprehen<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">z</span>a
co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ru<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>(h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>po<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>co)<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>ecede<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span></i>al<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>arro<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>oda<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>organ<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>zac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>écn<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>par<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ar:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>El<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>ho<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ri</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>oducc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>undo<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">-</span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>cha<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>den<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>odu<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(H</span>ers<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">)</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span></i></span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">.</span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>uso<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">d</span>e
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>qu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ri</span>a y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>oduc<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>aqu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ri</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>no es <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>éc<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ca en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>í<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ó</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>un <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ns<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>adecuado<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">li</span>za<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(</span>E<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>nr<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ch<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>ung)
de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>sen<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>éc<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>su<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ri</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">v</span>a</i><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 6.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 106%; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">1</span><span style="font-size: 6.0pt; mso-font-width: 106%; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">31</span></b></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">E</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">l<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><i>a p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span></i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ecno<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><i>a p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span></i>po<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">líti</span>co,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ed<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ran<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">z</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ho<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>bre<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>creac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ho<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>bre<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>y
vue<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ven<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rar<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>un con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>Cabe<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odav<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>que
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>aqu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nar<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ecno<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>«co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>»
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nd<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>feren<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nes <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>po<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">líti</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>; <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>puede <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>revo<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>uc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>onar <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>o re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ar una
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>edad. <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">U</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ador e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ró<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>puede<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>erv<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>gua<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>ad<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>cap<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">it</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">st</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a;<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><b>un<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rón</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>puede <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>herr<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>gua<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>ef<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>caz<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>para<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>par<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>paz<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>para<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>uno<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span>guerra.<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a neu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span>ad<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>refu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ada<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>por<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> <b>M</b></span><b>arx</b><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>po<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">é</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>af<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>que
el<b><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>«<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>brazo<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>da <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>edad con<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span>el <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>eñor<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>feuda<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>;<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>de vapor,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>edad<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el cap<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">it</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ndu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>»<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;">.</span></b></span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-text-raise: 4.5pt; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;">1</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.5pt; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;">32<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a
dec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón es<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>od<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>cada<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>aún en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>eor<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">x</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span></b>:<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>odo<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de producc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>y no <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>écn<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el
fac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>or<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ór<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>bá<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co.<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>S<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>bargo,<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>cuando<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>écn<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>ega<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>producc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>rcun<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>cr<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>be<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>oda
una<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>ura,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>pro<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>una
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ór<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca:<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>un<b> «<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>undo».</b><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">¿Pode<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>dec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>evo<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>uc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odo<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><b>«ref<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>a»</b><span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ran<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ural<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>écn<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>den<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ro<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>proce<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>za<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ndu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>? <span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>For<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>re<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>écn<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>edad<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>era<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>dos<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>pos<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>acon<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ec<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>eparados que<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>e encuen<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ran,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>aber:<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>1)<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el pen<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>concep<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ernos<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>u verdad<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>erna,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>2)<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>eo<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ap<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>cac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ras<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>pa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>abra<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>no
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>po<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>cuán<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>cercana<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>pueda<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>conex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>re<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>dos<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>arro<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>can<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e def<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nen<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>.
<b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>pura no<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>ap<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>cada</b>;<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>erva<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>u <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>den<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>va<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dez<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>apar<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>u
u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tili</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">z</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">M</span>ás
aún,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>noc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><b><i>neu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span></i>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span></b>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ende<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>én<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>écn<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>áqu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nd<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>feren<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e
hagan<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>a,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>én
den<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ro<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>capac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span>ades<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>écn<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">A</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>carác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>erno<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ru<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>del
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">é</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odo<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>co,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>erpre<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>parece
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nadecuada.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">U</span>na re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>parece
preva<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ecer<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>re el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">sa</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ap<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>cac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón, en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el del<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>cur<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>conduc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ord<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nar<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">;</span>
una<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a que<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>bos<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ueven<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>o <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>y rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">E</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">n un de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>arro<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>paradó<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co, <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os
e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>fuerzos c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>cos<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>para<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ecer<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">z</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>conducen<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a una de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>zac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>cada<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>vez <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span>or<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>eza:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>La <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dea de una n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>eza <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">fi</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">it</span>a q<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span>e
ex<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">d</span>ea que <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>que
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">d</span>esech<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>l <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">it</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">d</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ode<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>na.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>La <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a
ha <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>pezado<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">tr</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span>ndo<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">it</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a Edad Me<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a.<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>Y ah<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ve <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>zada
por<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a
cons<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>ender<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>que
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">h</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>evan<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ado<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">it</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>su<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>uga<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">.</span></i><span style="font-size: 6.0pt; mso-font-width: 106%; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">133</span></b></span></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">E</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">l<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>proce<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o,<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>eza<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>anc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ndepend<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>cau<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>ega<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>z<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>Pero<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>zac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>pec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>que el ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>e
con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tit</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>í<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>una re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ba<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><i>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>ác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span></i>con<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">¿</span>Y<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>q<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>es <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ri</span>a?<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>En<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">ó</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ca,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ri</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>se
de<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ne<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>sus pos<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>es
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>cc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ones a ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">p</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ri</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>hu<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>anos<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
l</span>as <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>cas<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>—<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>o e<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>es—
que obed<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>ce. <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">D</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ri</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ho<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">.</span></i><span style="font-size: 6.0pt; mso-font-width: 106%; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">134</span></b></span></blockquote>
</div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Y<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>é<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>ha <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>egado<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>er
en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>í<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ecno<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>La<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>ag<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>eza<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>esponde<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">d</span>ad<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>écn<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 6.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 106%; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">1</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 6.0pt; mso-font-width: 106%; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">35</span></i></b></span></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">E</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>grado<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<b><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>operac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>ega<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el
cen<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ro<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>pre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>a,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rucc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ód<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>a;<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>organ<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>zac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ro<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ru<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span>ad</b><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>que
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>eva<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>í<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odos<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os propó<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">it</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>y
f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ne<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>:<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ru<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><i>per<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>e,
</i>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">«</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>í<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>a».</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">L</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">a ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tit</span>ud<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><b>«correc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a»</b><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>hac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>écn<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span></i>el <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ogos
correc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>es <i><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ecno<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>og<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a,</b><span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span></i>que<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>pr<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ponde<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><i><b><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>ea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ecno<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">.</span></b></i></span><i><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.5pt; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;">136 </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">E</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">n<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad,<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>neu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>;<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ene<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ni
un<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><i><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os</b><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span></i>en<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>í <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>á e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ruc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>urada<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>hac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>un <i><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span></b>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span></i>Pero<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;">
</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>prec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>carác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>neu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ral<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ór<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>pec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co;<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ea,<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>conc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>preva<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ece<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>edad<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>para<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>neu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad es<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>da.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">O</span>pera con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>racc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>que con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tit</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
nueva rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad:<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o fac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>or<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>erno<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>erno.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>operac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>puro y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ap<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>cado,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>razón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>prác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>eór<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de negoc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>ecu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>reducc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>cua<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dades<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ecundar<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>a
pr<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a cuan<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>cac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y ab<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>racc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a par<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><b>«<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>pos<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>par<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ares<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>de en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>dade<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>».</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">S<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>duda,<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>pura<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>bre<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>va<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ores<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ngún<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>prác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>co, es<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span><b>«neu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>»</b><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>cua<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>qu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>era<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>va<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ores<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>raños<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>que puedan<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>poner<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>obre<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>a.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>Pero<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a
neu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span>ad<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>es un
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>carác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><i>po<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">iti</span>vo.
<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span></i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad
<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>requ<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ere <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>una
organ<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>zac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón
<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>al
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>pec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca
prec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">sa</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>porque
pr<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>eras<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>(o <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a:<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>erreno,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ér<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>nos<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>era<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>opue<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>convergen)<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>que pueden<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>evar<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nes<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>prác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a func<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>zac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>on,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><i>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span></i>que<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>oda<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>ap<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><b>«for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>pura»</b><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de
una<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>prác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>concre<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a.
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ras<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>beraba<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nes<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nheren<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>po<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>aba <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odas<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as cua<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dades<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ean<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>cuan<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>edad<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>beraba<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;">
</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>ho<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>bres<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">j</span>erarqu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><b>«na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>»</b><span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>dependenc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>per<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>onal<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>onaba<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>re<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>í<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>acuerdo<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>cua<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dades<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;">
</span>cuan<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>cab<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>;<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ea,
co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dades<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>po.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><b><i>«<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">G</span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>zac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>raba<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>o,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">limi</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as cua<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dades<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ran<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>fer<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o
de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
exper<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a.<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">»</span></i></b></span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.5pt; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;"><b><i>137</i></b></span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">E</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>proce<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de
cuan<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>,<b><i><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>¿h<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>para<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>cau<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>u
conex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>obra
de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ard<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a?<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span></i></b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>or<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>propu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o que<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a nueva<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>era
en<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>í
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>a,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>racc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>pureza,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span>operac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>onal<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>en <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>que
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>arro<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>aba<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>hor<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>zon<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ru<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ervac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>exper<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">im</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a organ<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>zac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>od<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>da<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>prop<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>conc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>nunca<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>e
rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">z</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>un e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>pac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ruc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura,<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>neu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>eór<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co.<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>pr<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>conoc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span>operac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>racc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>dado<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>cur<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>acc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a
c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>erva,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>eor<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>za<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>po<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e
un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>que
ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ervaba<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> <b>G</b></span><b>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lil</span>eo</b><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>eran <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>güedad<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>pero el<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>feren<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>cur<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o
y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span>acc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>—en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>una pa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>abra,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>feren<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>—<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>abr<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ó<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>nueva<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>recc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ud<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ervac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as po<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ili</span>dades<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">
</span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ordenar<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>da<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ervado<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">N</span>o
e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span>y <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ando<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>aquí<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ór<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>enzos<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a época<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>oderna.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">M</span>i prop<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ó</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">it</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rar<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>el carác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span></i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ru<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>grac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>al
cual<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>una <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ecno<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>og<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><i>a p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span></i>y<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><i>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span></i>de<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ecno<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>og<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><i>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>pec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ífi</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span></i>;<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ecno<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>og<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rol<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>al
y de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>do<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">E</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">l pen<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>oderno,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">
</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>que es<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>puro,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>pro<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>prác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>cas<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>par<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>es
ni<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>par<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ares<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>do<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>S<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span>argo,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a
co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a do<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><i>per<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e. </i><b>Confor<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>eor<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>procede,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rae<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>o rechaza,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">
</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>fac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ual<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>deo<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co:<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o dado<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>concre<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>cur<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>y
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span>acc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón.</b><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>den<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ro<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>donde<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>pro<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>za<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>za,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>donde<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>eor<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>conc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>be<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>conc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>be<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>ern<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>vas<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>po<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>donde <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>us
h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>pó<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ubv<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>o
d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>funden <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>pree<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>da.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">L</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>pr<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>oder<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>fueron<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ruc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>urados<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;">
</span><i>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span></i>de<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>al <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>odo<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>pueden<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>erv<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>r co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>concep<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ua<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>para<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>un
un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rol<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>produc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>vo<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>au<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>oexpan<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>vo;<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>el operac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>eór<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>egó<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>corre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ponder<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>operac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>prác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>co.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odo<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co
que<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>eva<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>do<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>cada<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>vez<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>efec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>va<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>eza<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>ega<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>proveer<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;">
</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>í<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>concep<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os
puros<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>para<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>do<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>nac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>cada<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>vez<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>efec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">v</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>ho<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>bre<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>por<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>el ho<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>bre<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><i>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>avés<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span></i>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>do<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>za.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>razón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>eór<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>per<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>endo<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>pura<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>neu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>, en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>al <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>erv<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
razón<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>prác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ca.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>a benéf<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>para a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ba<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">H</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
do<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>nac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e perpe<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>úa<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>funde<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>no <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ó<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>por
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ecno<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>og<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><i>co<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>o </i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ecno<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>og<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">í</span>a,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ú<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>provee<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a gran<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>eg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">itim</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>poder
po<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">líti</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>en expan<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón, que<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>orbe <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odas<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>feras<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
cu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>ura.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">E</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ecno<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>og<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>én<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>provee
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span>gran<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>zac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>para <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>fa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>ber<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ad<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>del
ho<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>bre<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ue<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>po<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><b>«<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>écn<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>a»<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span></b>de
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>au<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de de<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>prop<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a
v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>da.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>Porque e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>fa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>ber<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ad<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>aparece<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ni
co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>rrac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>onal<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>ni
co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>po<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">líti</span>ca,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>una
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón al<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>apara<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>écn<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>au<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dades<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>au<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>produc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>raba<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>o.<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ecno<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>pro<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ege<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ega,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>eg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">itimi</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span>ad<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>do<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>hor<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>zon<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ru<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>razón <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e
abre a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>una <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>edad<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lm</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>Se<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>po<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">rí</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">il</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">fí</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>éc<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>cas<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>que<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>éc<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>co co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>un <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>ug<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>en
el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>q<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> l</span>as <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">á</span>qu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>nas
son usad<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>s pa<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>canz<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>po<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">d</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>La <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">á</span>qu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>es só<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>o
un <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>o; <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>n es <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
conqu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a
de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>eza,
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
do<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ón
de <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>as <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span>ue<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">z</span>as
na<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>un p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>av<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>o:<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">á</span>qu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>es un<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>sc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>avo
que<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ir</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">v</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>cer<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">tr</span>os <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>sc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>avo<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>.
<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">U</span>na
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ns<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ir</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ón
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>do<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>nan<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y
es<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>av<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a
puede <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>ncon<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>se
pa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e
<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
búsq<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span>eda de <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>ad
pa<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ho<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>e.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>P<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>o es <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ifí</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>se <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ri</span>endo <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
es<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>av<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>ud
a o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>os <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>ho<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>es,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">á</span>qu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>nas;<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>e
una<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>po<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ón de <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>áqu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>nas<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>q<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>so<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odo<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span>ndo<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>es
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">d</span>av<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">í</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>odo<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>no <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">li</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>cep<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ón
de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>squ<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>du<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>e</i><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 6.0pt; mso-font-width: 106%; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">138´</span></b></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">L</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nce<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ná<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>progre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>écn<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>ha<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>egado<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>pregnada<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>po<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">líti</span>co,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>ogos<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>écn<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>ha<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>do conver<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>un <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>ogos<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>nua<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>erv<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>du<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>e.<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>fuerza<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>beradora
de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ecno<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>og<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>—<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">z</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>—<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>e
conv<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>encadena<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>bera<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón;<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ru<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>za<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ho<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>bre.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">E</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">s</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">t</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">a <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>erpre<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>gar<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>el pro<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>(<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odo<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>eor<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a),<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><i>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>or<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span></i>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>oda ap<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y
u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tili</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">z</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>pro<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>pec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el nexo<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>prec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>or<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca,
<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>, en el <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>carác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>func<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>onal
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>us <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>concep<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>n o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ras
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>pa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>abra<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el
un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>(es
dec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>r,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>prop<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>pec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>cas<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>obre
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ruc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
energ<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>c.,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>no <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>pro<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>eza<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>cuan<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>gu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ando el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o
h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>po<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>hac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u expre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>a)<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>hor<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>zon<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>prác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ca
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>concre<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>va<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span></i>en
el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>arro<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>o del<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>pr<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pero,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>acep<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ando<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>el
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ru<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>erno<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span>ad<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>unc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>no e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ece<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odav<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>va<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dez<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><i><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span></i>del<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;">
</span>pr<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>Conced<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>endo<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span>concep<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>cos<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odav<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ene<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>erre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>y
ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o
en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>un un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>dado<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>cur<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o
y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>acc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>nexo
en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>razón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>eór<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>prác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>puede<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>end<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>do en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span>y
d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>feren<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">E</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">s</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">t</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>erpre<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>feren<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ofrec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>por <b><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">J</span>ean<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>P<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>aget</b><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u <b>«ep<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>og<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>gené<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ca».<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>P<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>aget</b>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>erpre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>de concep<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>cos<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ér<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>nos<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>feren<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>racc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>una
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>erre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>general<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>racc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>no
procede<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ero<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>odo
que<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>func<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>one<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>ó<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>pun<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>neu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ral<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ervac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>da,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o veh<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
pura<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>razón<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>cogno<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">iti</span>va.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><b>P<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>aget<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span></b>hace<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>una d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>nc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>re el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>proce<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de
conoc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>en
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y
en f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>pr<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ero<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>racc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><b>«en
el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>or<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>acc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>en cuan<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>»</b>.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">C</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>o q<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span>e
se d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ce a <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>enudo,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span>s
en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>es <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">á</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>cos<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>no <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>on
el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>esu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>ado
de una a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">tr</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>cc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ón a <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">p</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>os,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>no
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">á</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>en
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">d</span>e una ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ón e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">f</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>uada en <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>seno de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>cc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ones
co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">R</span>eu<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ir</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>de<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ove<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">.</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>son ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ones <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>gene<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>es que pensa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>, e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">.</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>po<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>que
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">fi</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>en
a <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span>oo<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ón <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>od<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>s
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>as <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>cc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>s
pa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>es y e<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">tr</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span>ada<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">f</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>or coo<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>nado<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">.</span></i><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">139</span></b></span></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">L</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">as<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>propo<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">á</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>cas<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>expre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>í<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span></span></span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">«</b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b>adecuac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>general<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;">
</span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o»,</b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>con
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;">
</span>adap<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>par<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>carac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>cas<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>prop<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>verdaderas<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>acc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>obre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>un ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o cua<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>qu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>a,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>dec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>r,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span></span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">«</b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b>acc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>adecuada de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>genera<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>»</b><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">,</span></span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.5pt; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;">140<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">y
e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a
<b>«acc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón»<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span></b>es<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>va<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dez<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>general<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>en <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>que </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ab</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">tr</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">cc</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ón</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">o</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">if</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">enc</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ón</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">se</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">x</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">en</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">d</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">has</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">o </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">en</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">o</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">de</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">as</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">oo</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ac</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ones
h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ed</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">as,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">que </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">s </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ecan</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">coo</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">nado</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">es </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">d</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e
</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ón </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">se </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">fi</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">en,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">n <b>sus </b></span><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">rí</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">gene</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">co</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">na</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ones</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">j</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">as</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">vas</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">. </span></b><span style="font-size: 6.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 106%; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">1</span><span style="font-size: 6.0pt; mso-font-width: 106%; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">41</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">E</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>racc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>procede<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>pero
e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>debe<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>a
acc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>pec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>cas<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>por par<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>del <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>í<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>racc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>nece<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>una for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">á</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>porque,<b>
</b></span><i><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>cc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">d</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ugar
al conoc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ó</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>án<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>coo<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>nadas<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>si
e<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a
co<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>s, por su<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>op<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>na<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">z</span>a,
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>ca</b></i><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 6.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 106%; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">1</span><span style="font-size: 6.0pt; mso-font-width: 106%; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">42</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">L</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>racc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>nece<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>racc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ú<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>, co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>pura coord<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>general<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a acc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón:<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
acc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>»<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><b><i>(</i>«<i><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">'</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">mm</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">e</span></i>»</b><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"><b>)</b></span>. </i>Y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a coord<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tit</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>porque<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>erva
e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ruc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>uras<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>hered<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">it</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<b><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>«ref<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>vas<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>e <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>va<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>»</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">L</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>erpre<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><b>P<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>aget</b><span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>reconoce<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>carác<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>prác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>erno<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>razón<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>eór<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>pero<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o
deduce<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de una<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ruc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>general<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de acc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>que, en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ú<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ltim</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>aná<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>una
e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ruc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>hered<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">it</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a,
b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>l <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odo<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>can<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>fundac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>upra
—(o <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nfra—)<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ór<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca.<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>e concede<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>que <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odo<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>conoc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>pre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>upone<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
coord<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>de acc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>par<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>are<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>veo<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>por<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>qué<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>coord<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><b>«por<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>eza»</b>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>a,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>a no<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er que<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><b>«acc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>par<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>are<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>»</b><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ean<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>operac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>cas<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>oder<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>a,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>en
c<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>erpre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a
c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>rcu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ar.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">E</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>aná<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y
b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><b>P<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>age<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">H</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>erl<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span></b>ha<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ofrec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>una <b>ep<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>gené<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ca</b><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>cen<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rada<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ruc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o-h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ór<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>razón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>a.<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">M</span>e
refer<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ré<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>aquí<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>obra<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><b><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">H</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l </span></b></span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.5pt; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;">143<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">s</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">ó<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>acen<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>úa<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>grado<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>oderna<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a <b>«<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odo<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>og<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">í</span>a»<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span></b>de una<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ór<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>dada,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>den<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ro de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ueve.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b>H</b></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ss</span>erl </b> co<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">z</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>por
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>af<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>ar
<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>que <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>z<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>del
un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>evó
<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>un
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>conoc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">imi</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o
prác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>vá<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>do:<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rucc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de
una rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><b>«<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>»</b><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>que
pod<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><b>«corre<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>onada»</b> efec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>con
<b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span></b><i><b>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca</b><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span></i>(pág.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>19;<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>42).
Pero<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ogro<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>evaba<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>rechazo<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>a una prác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>prec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>que con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tit</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>ba<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>or<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nal<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><b>(el<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><i>S<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nne<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span>unda<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>)<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span></i></b>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>ga<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lil</span>eana.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a
ba<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e <i>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span></i>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>undo<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
prác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><i><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">(</span>Leben<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>we<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">)</span>,</b><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span></i>que de<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ruc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>eór<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>hab<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>duda<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>por<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">G</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lil</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span>;<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>fue<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">si</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ado<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><i><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">(</span>ve<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>)</b><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span></i>por<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>arro<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>o po<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>or<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a.<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>ado<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>fue<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">il</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>que <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>zac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">z</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>creaba<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>una<b> </b></span><b>«verdad absoluta autónoma</b></span><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">»</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span></b><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">(</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>gen<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>änd<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">g</span>e)</b><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(págs
49</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">),</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">cuando</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">en</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">realidad, permanecía como un método y una técnica específicos para </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a
</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"><b> </b></span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Leben<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>we<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>.</b>
<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>El velo ideal (Ideenkleid)</i></b></span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b> </b><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">de la ciencia matemática es así un velo de símbolos que representan y al mismo tiempo enmascaran <b>(vertritt y verkleidet)</b> el mundo de la práctica (pág. 52).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">¿Cuál<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>prec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>or<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nal<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>pre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>erva<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ruc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>concep<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ual
de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a?<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><i><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>ed<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span></i>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>prác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>cubre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ili</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span>ad<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de
u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tili</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">z</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>fór<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,
conf<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>gurac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>bá<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>án<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<b><span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>«d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>pon<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>pre<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>gua<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,
para<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y
ca<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>exac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>»</b><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>(pág.
25).<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>A<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ravés<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>oda ab<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>racc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>genera<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>za<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><b>el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odo<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>erva<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>(y
en<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">sc</span>ara)<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ruc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>écn<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca prec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>;<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>arro<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
pr<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>era<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>repre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>(y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>cara)<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>el
de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>arro<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>egunda.</b><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> As</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
geo<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca
<b>«<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>za»<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
prác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de aco<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ed<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>erra<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><i><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">F</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ss</span>kun<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">)</span>.</b><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span></i><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a
geo<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>es <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>eor<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>cac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>prác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ca.
</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">S<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>duda,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>á<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>gebra<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>deal<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>bre<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nca<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ncer<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>du<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>bres<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>par<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dades<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a <i><b>Leben<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>we<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span></b>y </i>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ven.<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>S<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n
e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span>argo,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rucc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>deal<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><i>es
</i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>eor<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>écn<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de <b>«<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">z</span>ar»</b><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>nueva<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><i><b>Leben<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>we<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>:</b></i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>En <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>ca <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">á</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>can<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">z</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o que nos es ne<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>ado en <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>ác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ca
e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">íri</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>;<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>o <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>s,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">e</span>xac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">it</span>ud.<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>Po<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>q<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span>e
es pos<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>e d<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>nar<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>de<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>es
en <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>nos<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">i</span>den<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>dad
abso<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">.</span>.
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">C</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>se<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>hacen<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">v</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>can<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">z</span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>spon<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">.</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">p</span>ág.
24<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">)</span>.</b></span></i></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">L</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>coord<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><i><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">(</span>Zuo<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>dnung)<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span></b></i>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>deal<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>undo<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>per<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><b>«pro<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as
regu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dades<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>padas<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><i>Leben<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>we<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span></i>prác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">»</span>:</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">U</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">v</span>ez<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>se<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>poseen<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ó</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>as,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>se<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>posee<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>v<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>pada<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>se<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>desea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>.
</i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">—</span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">la
visión anticipada de aquello que se espera en la experiencia de la vida
concreta (pág. 43).</span></i></b></span></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Husserl</b>
subraya las connotaciones
técnicas precientíficas de la exactitud y la fungibilidad matemática. Estas nociones centrales
de la ciencia moderna salen a la superficie no como meros subproductos de la ciencia
pura, sino como pertenecientes a su estructura conceptual interna. La abstracción
científica de lo concreto, la cuantificación de las cualidades, que da exactitud
tanto como validez universal, envuelven una experiencia
concreta específica de la <b>Lebenswelt:</b>
un modo específico de <b>«ver»</b> el mundo.
Y este <b>«ver»</b> a pesar de su «puro», desinteresado carácter, es ver sin un determinado
contexto práctico. Es anticipar
<b> (Voraussehen)</b> y proyectar
<b>(Vorhaben). </b>La ciencia
galileana es la ciencia de la anticipación y proyección metódica y sistemática.
Pero —y esto es decisivo— de una anticipación y proyección específicas, o sea, aquella
que experimenta, abarca y configura el mundo en términos de relaciones calculables,
predecibles, entre unidades exactamente identificables. En este proyecto, la cuantificación
universal es un prerrequisito para la dominación de la naturaleza. Las cualidades
individuales no cuantificables se levantan en el camino de una organización de
los hombres y las cosas de acuerdo con el poder medible que debe ser extraído de
ellas. Pero es un proyecto sociohistórico específico, y la conciencia que asume
este proyecto es el sujeto oculto de la ciencia galileana; la última es la técnica,
el arte de la anticipación extendida hasta el infinito <b>(ins Unendliche
erweiterte Voraussicht:</b> pág. 51).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pero<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>prec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>porque <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ga<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lil</span>ea<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>us<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span>concep<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>écn<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de una<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><i><b>Leben<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>we<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span></b></i>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>pec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ende<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>y </i>no<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span>puede<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>cender<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span></i>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><i><b>Leben<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>we<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>.</b><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span></i>Per<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ane<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>e e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>den<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ro del<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>arco<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>exper<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">im</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>bá<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>y
den<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ro del<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o de f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nes<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>por
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad. <span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>Según <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón
<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>de <b><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">H</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ss</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span></b>, <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>ga<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lil</span>ea<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><i>el
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><b>«un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>concre<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a cau<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e
conv<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ap<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>cada<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>»</b></i><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>(pág<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>na
112); pero<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>undo<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de percepc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y
exper<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a, </span><i><b>en<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>v<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>oda<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>nues<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">v</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ti</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>anece<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>q<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>su<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>uc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>senc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">i</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>erado<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
</span>su<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>op<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span>onc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span>ausa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">.</span>.</b><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">p</span>ág.
51, cu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>vas<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">í</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">)</span>.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">U</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">na<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>dec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>arac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>uge<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>va,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>que
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e corre<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el r<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>go<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>z<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>r,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>obre
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span>que <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>ber<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ad de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>hacer<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>erpre<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>dec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>arac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ref<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ere<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>hecho<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de que,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ar de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>geo<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>euc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ana,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ros<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>perc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">im</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ua<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odav<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>un e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>pac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>;<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>o que,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;"> </span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span>concep<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8pt;"> </span><b>«e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ad<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>co»</b><span style="letter-spacing: 2.9pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;"> </span>cau<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odav<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;"> </span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.9pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ún,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.9pt;"> </span>de
acuerdo<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><b>«an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>gua<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>»</b><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>de cau<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">N</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>poco<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rad<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ce<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>dec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>arac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>perpe<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>uos
c<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>undo<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
prác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>ado<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><b>«<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>cas<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>ap<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>».</b><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>que e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>á en<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">j</span>uego<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ucho<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>:<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">límit</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nheren<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">é</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odo<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>grac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>al
cual<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>enden,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>zan<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>y a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>eguran<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><i><b>Leben<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>we<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>t</b><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span></i>preva<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n
a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>erar<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>u e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ruc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>;<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> <i>s</i></span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ear<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>un
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>odo cua<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lit</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>va<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>nuevo<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span></i>«ver» y <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ear<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>es
cua<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>nuevas<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ho<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>bres<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y
en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ho<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>bre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>y
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>eza.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>pec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tit</span>uc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>zada<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>(<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>pura<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>ap<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>cada)
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>endr<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>í<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>una
func<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>zadora,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">
</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ca,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ervadora.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>Inc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>us<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ogros<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>revo<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>uc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>onar<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>os
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ó<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rucc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rucc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>acuerdo<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>exper<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>organ<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>zac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>pec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a
con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>nua<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>au<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ocorrec<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>—<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a revo<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>uc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>us<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>pó<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>que
es con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ru<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>den<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ro<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>us<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">é</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odo<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>—<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>propaga<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ende<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>í
prop<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ór<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>exper<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>bá<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>Con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>erva<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><i>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span></i>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ucha<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>por<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>prác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>co
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>zar<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>el
c<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>fund<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ocurr<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ó<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ec<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>ga<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lil</span>eana,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>erpre<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de
<b><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">H</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ss</span>erl</b><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>eña<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ro<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>rad<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>cal<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rad<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>pre- ga<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lil</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>ana;<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>el
un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>del pen<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>era en<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>nuevo<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>hor<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>zon<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>Creó<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>un
nuevo <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>undo <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>razón <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>eór<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y
prác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ca, <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>pero <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ha <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>per<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>do <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>pro<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>do <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>con <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>un
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>undo e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>pec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>que
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ene<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>us <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ev<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>den<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>;<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>eor<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a prác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ca,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odos<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>puros <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>en
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>ap<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>cado<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">L</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">a d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>preceden<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>parece<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>uger<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>r,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>ó<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">limit</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ores<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>pre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>del <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">é</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odo<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>no<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>én<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ór<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">M</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">á</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>aún,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>parece<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>car<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>nece<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>de una<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>pec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de <b>«f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>cua<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lit</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>va»,</b><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>un
renac<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">il</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>eo<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>c.<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">A</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>que e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>cac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">j</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>cada,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>pero<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>pun<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ó<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>puedo<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>af<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>pre<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ende<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>egar<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>es
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>deas<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>curan<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">.</span></span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-text-raise: 4.5pt; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;">1</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.5pt; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;">44</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">D</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">e cua<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>qu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e
def<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nan<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>verdad<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>bas<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>per<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>cen<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>onadas<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>con <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>agen<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>hu<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>anos<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>eor<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>prác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ca,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>capac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span>ad<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>para<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>prender<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;">
</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>el <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>undo.<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>A<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>u
vez,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>capac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span>ad<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>depende<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>grado<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>en el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>(cua<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>qu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>era<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>que <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ea)<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>es organ<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>zada<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>prend<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>aque<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><i>es<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span></i>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odas<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>par<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>are<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>n e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>poránea<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ene<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>una va<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dez<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>va<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">sa</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span>or<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>que
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span>s
predece<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ora<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>Inc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>puede<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>agregar<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>hoy<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">é</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odo<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>ún<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>puede<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>ped<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>para
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>í <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>va<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dez;<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>acc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>rec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>proca<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>pó<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>hechos<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ervado<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>l pun<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>al que<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>oy<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ando<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>egar<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a,<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><b><i>g<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u
p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>op<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odo<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span></i>y
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>us<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>concep<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span></b>,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ha<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>pr<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>ado<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y
pro<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ov<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>un un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el
que<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
do<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>eza<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ha<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>per<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>gada<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
do<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>nac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>del ho<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>e:
un<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>azo<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>que <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ende<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>fa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>para el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a
na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">z</span>a,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>pren<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>do<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nada
c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>reaparece<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>el
apara<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>écn<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>de
producc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rucc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>que
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>-<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ene<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>ora<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nd<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>duos<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>po<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ubord<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span>dueños<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>apara<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o.<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">A</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>erarqu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>onal <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>zc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>con
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>Si<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>é<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e
es<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o, el<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>en <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>recc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>progre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o,
que<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>puede cor<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>azo<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>fa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>afec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ará<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>én<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ruc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>:<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el
pro<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>S<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>pó<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n perder<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>carác<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>arro<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>arán<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>exper<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">im</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>al<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>feren<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>(el de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>un <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>undo<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>pac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>cado);<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ecuen<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>egar<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>concep<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>feren<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>es <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>obre
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>eza<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>y e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ecer<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>hechos<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lm</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>feren<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>.<b><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>edad<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>onal<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>ubv<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dea<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de Razón.</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Y</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">a he <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>eña<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ado<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>que
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>ubver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>noc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>aban
pre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>or<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>pen<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>de<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>pr<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>gua<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dea<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ado<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>donde<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>el <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>canza<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>za<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>donde <b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>«e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>»
y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>«debe»</b><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e re<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ue<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ve<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>él<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>erno
re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>orno,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>epara de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>af<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>Y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>én<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>per<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>enece<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>af<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>bera<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón:<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>reconc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ili</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>ogos<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>ro<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dea<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>erra<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>egar a de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>can<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>produc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>depre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>va<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a Razón,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>do<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>en
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>gra<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">L</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">as<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dades<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">
</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>pueden<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er corre<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>onadas<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>con el<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>pe<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">sa</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>oderno<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>pec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<b><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> J</span>ohn
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">D</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">w</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span></b>,<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><b>«del<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>gozo con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>vo<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>pu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rol<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>vo<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>»</b>;<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><b>«del<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>conoc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">imi</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>goce<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span>prop<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>edades<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>eza...<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>conoc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ed<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rol<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ecu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ar»</b><span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;">.</span></span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-text-raise: 4.5pt; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;">1</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.5pt; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;">45 </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">E</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">l<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"> </span>pen<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>aba
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>uf<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>pr<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>con
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rol<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ecu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>y
h<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>y un<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ponen<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de
acu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y rechazo<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>pen<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>oderno<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>uf<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>para<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nva<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dar<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><b><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">J</span>ohn<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">D</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">we</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span></b>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a Razón,<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;">
</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>pen<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>concep<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ual<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span>conduc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a,<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>nece<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>do<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón.<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>ogos es<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>reg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>orden<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ed<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>conoc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">A</span>l <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>una<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>reg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>par<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>ba<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>un un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>pen<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>canza<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>do<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>obre <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>par<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>. <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Ll</span>ega<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>capaz<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>ó<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de
abarcar<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>én<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>uar<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>obre<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ro<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ándo<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>S<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n
e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span>argo,<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>aunque<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odo<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>pen<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>ha<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>ba<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ando<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca,<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>arro<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>es
d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>feren<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e en<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 2.95pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 2.95pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: 2.9pt;"> </span>pen<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: 2.9pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>á<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: 2.9pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: 2.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>bó<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ca
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>oder<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>a,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>cenden<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ca,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>cada<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>una
gob<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>erna<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>obre<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>feren<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>del
d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>cur<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>exper<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">T</span>odas<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>arro<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>aron<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>den<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ro<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>del
con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>nuo<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ór<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>que pagan<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>bu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>Y e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>nuo<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>pone<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>obre<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>pen<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>po<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">iti</span>vo<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>carác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er
confor<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>deo<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co;<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>obre <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><b>del<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>pen<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>nega<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>vo<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u
carác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>pecu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>vo<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>óp<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co.</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en,
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>are<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>os <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>den<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>car <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás
<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ara<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: 2.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o
ocu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>o de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os
f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nes<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ocu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lt</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>pura.<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>l
concep<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de
una na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>eza<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lm</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e
con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ro<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>pro<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>eza<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>nab<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a en func<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>pura<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>anc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>eor<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>y
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>prác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ca.<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>n
e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>undo<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">-</span>ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o
en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rucc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de un un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ecno<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span>: un<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ru<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>í<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">A</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>verdadero<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a
<b>«h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>po<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>co»</b>,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>depend<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de un <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>que
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o ver<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e
da va<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dez.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">L</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">os<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>proce<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de va<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>pueden<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>pura<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>eór<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>pero<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>nunca<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>enen<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ugar en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>vac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>o,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>en
una<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>pr<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>vada,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nd<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dua<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>po<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>y func<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>hace<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>depend<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ro<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a:<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>pree<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nes<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en
el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><i>pa<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>a </i>el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>arro<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>a.<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>que
aparec<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>raño,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>eno<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>pr<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>eór<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ue<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>par<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>u
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>a e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ruc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>(<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>é<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>odos<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>concep<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>);<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>pura<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>reve<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>í <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><i><b>ob<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>pa<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>una <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ub<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad</b><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span></i>que<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>provee<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span></i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ne<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rucc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ecno<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ex<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>una co<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>orden<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>pura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>;<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>el proce<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span>ad<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ecno<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>un
proce<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o po<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lít</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>co.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Só<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ecno<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>og<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">í</span>a,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ho<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>bre<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>y
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ura<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>za<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e
hacen<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>fung<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
organ<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>zac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón.<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>efec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>produc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>apara<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>que
e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>án<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>dos<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>ve<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>por
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ere<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>par<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ares<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>que organ<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>zan<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>apara<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ras<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>pa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>abra<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ecno<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>og<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e
ha<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>conver<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el gran<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>veh<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><i><b><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ifi</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ó<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span></b></i>:<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>adura<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>efec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>va.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>al
del<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nd<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>v<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>duo<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>y <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>parece<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ar<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>no <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ó<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>por
cua<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dades<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span>es
ob<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>va<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>no
que<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>cua<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dades<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>y <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>parecen<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>perder<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>carác<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>er<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ncon<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ro<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>e; aparecen<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>fe<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ona<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>(c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span>a).<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>undo<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>ende<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a conver<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ad<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>orbe<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">
</span>ad<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>radore<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">L</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>araña
de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
do<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>ha <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>egado<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>er
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de araña<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>de <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>razón <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>y e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>edad<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>á fa<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>enredada<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">
</span>en e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>a.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>Y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>cenden<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>pen<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>parecen<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>cender<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>razón <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>B<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>cond<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>one<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el pen<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mi</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>(c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tí</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o,<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o
opue<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>al<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>pen<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>confu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o,<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>af<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">si</span>co,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>oc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">il</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>co)<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>fuera<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>de
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">
</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>enc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>cas<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>puro<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>au<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ocon<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o)<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>por<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ado<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>por
el<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ro.</b><span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>(<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>un<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span>conf<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o.<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">V</span>éan<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>cas<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>ap<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ones<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">á</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>cas<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>y <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>bó<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ndu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ró<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca).<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ac<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>el un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ver<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>do<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>de
d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>cur<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>y
conduc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rad<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>cc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>y<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ra<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>cendenc<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>es<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>co<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ún<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>den<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>nador.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;">
</span><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>al
reve<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span>u func<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>deo<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>óg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ca<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">il</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>con<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>porán<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>a.</b><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>Con
re<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>pec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>func<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón,
a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>gunos a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>pec<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>del<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>aná<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>ngü<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">í</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>co<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>erán
d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ti</span>dos<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>gu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>cap<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ít</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>o.<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">E</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>cu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>ón<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>á
enc<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>a preparar<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">
</span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>erreno<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>para<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>el<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>de<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>rar<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>barreras<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>que<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>den<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>o
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span>egar<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>apre<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>ar <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>rea<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span>dad<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>y e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ecer<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>(o <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>ás<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>re-e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ab<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>ecer)<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>concep<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>que pueden<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ro<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">m</span>per e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>barrera<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>.</b><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">NOTAS (Capítulo 6, El hombre
unidimensional, cap. 6)<o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>119 Herbert Dingler, en
Nature. Vol. 168 (1951), pág. 630.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>120 W. V. O. Quine, From a Logical Point of View,
Cambridge, Harvard University Press (1953), pág. 44. Quine habla del «mito de
los objetos físicos» y dice que «con respecto a la base epistemológica los
objetos físicos y los dioses [de Homero] difieren sólo en grado y no en clase»
(ibíd.). Pero el mito de los objetos físicos es epistemológicamente superior
«en tanto que se ha probado más eficaz que otros mitos como medio para obtener
una estructura manejable dentro del flujo de la experiencia». La valoración del
concepto científico en términos de «eficacia», «medio» y «manejable» revela sus
elementos manipulativos tecnológicos.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>121 H. Reichenbach, en Philipp G. Frank (ed.),
The Validation of Scientific Theories (Boston, Beacon Press, 1954), páginas 85
s. (citado por Adolf Grünbaum).<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>122 Adolf Grünbaum, ibíd., págs. 87 s.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>123 Ibíd., págs. 88 s. (cursivas del autor).<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>124 «Uber den Begriff
Abgeschlossene Theorie», en Dialectica, vol. II, N.° 1, 1948, pág. 333.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>125 Philipp G. Frank, loc. cit., pág. 85<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>126 C. F. von Weizsäcker, The
History of Nature (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949), pág. 20.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>127 . En British Philosophy in the Mid-Century
(N. Y., Macmillan, 1957), ed. C. A. Mace, págs. 155 ss. Similarmente: Mario
Bunge, Metascientific Queries (Springfield, III.: Charles C. Thomas. 1959),
págs. 108 ss.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>128 W. Heisenberg, The
Physicist's Conception of Nature (Londres: Hutchinson, 1958), pág. 29. En su
Physics and Philosophy (Londres: Alien and Unwin, 1959), pág. 83, Heisenberg
escribe: «La 'cosa en-sí- misma' es para el físico atómico, si usa en algo este
concepto, una estructura matemática finalmente; pero esta estructura es
—contrariamente a Kant— deducida indirectamente de la experiencia.»<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>129 Die Krisis der Europäischen Wissenschaften
und die transzendentale Phänomenologie, ed. W. Biemel (La Haya: Nijhoff, 1954),
pág. 21.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>130 Gaston Bachelard, L'Activité rationaliste de
la physique contemporaine (París: Prcsses Universitaires, 1951), pág. 7, con referencia
a Die Deutsche Ideologie de Marx y Engels (trad. Molitor, págs. 163 s.).<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>131 Martin Heidegger, Holzwege
(Frankfurt, Klostermann, 1950), págs. 266 ss. Ver también su<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Vorträge and Aufsätze
(Pfüllingen, Günther Neske, 1954), págs. 22-29.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>132 The Poverty of Philosophy,
capítulo II, «Segunda Observación», en A Handbook of Marxism, ed. E. Burns,
Nueva York, 1935, pág. 355.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>133 C. F. von Weizsäcker, The
History of Nature, loc. cit., pág. 71.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>134 Ibid., pág. 142 (cursivas
del autor)<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>135 Ibid., pág. 71.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>136 Espero que no se me interpretará mal, como si
sugiriera que los conceptos de la física matemática son definidos como
«instrumentos», que tienen una intención técnica práctica. Tecno-lógica es más
bien la «intuición» a priori o aprehensión del universo en la que la ciencia se
mueve, en la que se constituye a sí misma como ciencia pura. La ciencia pura
permanece comprometida con el a priori del que se abstrae. Sería más claro
hablar del horizonte instrumentalista de la física matemática. Ver Suzanne
Bachelard, La Conscience de rationalité (París: Presses Universitaires. 1958),
pág. 31.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>137 M. Horkheimer y T. W.
Adorno, Dialektik der Aufklärung, loc., cit., pág. 50.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>138 Gilbert Simondon, Du Mode
d'existence des objets techniques (París: Aubier, 1958), pág. 127.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>139 Introduction á
l'épistémologie génétique, tomo III (Presses Universitaires, París, 1950), pág.
287.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>140 Ibíd., pág. 288.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>141 Ibíd., pág. 289.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>142 Ibíd., pág. 291.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>143 Die Krisis der
Europäischen Wissenschaften und die transcendentale Phänomenologie, loc. cit<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>144 Ver infra, capítulos IX y
X.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>145 John Dewey, The Quest for
Certainty (Nueva York: Minton, Balch and Co., 1929), págs. 95, 100.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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Filosofía en Costa Ricahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913529307278002591noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3899327006290566633.post-13411621692994177972015-08-20T16:09:00.000-06:002015-08-20T14:41:06.186-06:00Alhacén (965-1040): El primer gran científico y pionero del método científico<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='520' height='466' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxKWEFEoN481K82Yow8fcyIKlkH4UY6fJJEhEAajs92LpLiPBkOpJUbU3-d6F1jPy03oFOJA9EAB_Ia5JiZ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/nv3fn02nizogjoc/Ibn%20Alhac%C3%A9n%20%28Extracto-Cosmos-episodio5-espa%C3%B1ol%29.avi" target="_blank">Ibn Alhacen en Cosmos: Odisea del Espacio-Tiempo, Episodio 5 (2014)</a></b></div>
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<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/nv3fn02nizogjoc/Ibn%20Alhac%C3%A9n%20%28Extracto-Cosmos-episodio5-espa%C3%B1ol%29.avi" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOa-bDg8RYvDOPPdELtv-PQr_Jz_uN4JRQUmmL0RW80vW09B83yL6LzXsY3C9C1GURATbMRakP8PndJrdB3HD4ILwJM0ZUekvd66MN-3wAv_Nx1xP8H9c8ldhUeu0vOH674LH3eYdhyphenhyphenM6y/s1600/Ibn+Alhac%C3%A9n+2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Abū ‘Alī al-Ḥaṣan ibn al-Ḥaṣan ibn al-Hayṯam (965–1040) (árabe: أبو علي الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم)</b> llamado en Occidente <b><i>Alhazen o Alhacén</i></b> es considerado creador del método científico, fue un matemático, físico y astrónomo musulmán quien realizó importantes contribuciones a los principios de <b>la óptica y a la concepción de los experimentos científicos.</b> Se lo llama también a veces <b><i>al-Basri</i></b> por su lugar de nacimiento,<b> Basora</b> (en el actual Irak). Se lo considera el padre de la óptica por sus trabajos y experimentos con lentes, espejos, reflexión y refracción. Murió probablemente en El Cairo, Egipto.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Escribió el primer tratado amplio sobre lentes, donde describe la imagen formada en la retina humana debido al cristalino.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXqDeGqmaBTSZUFyjbVoRHrCsOl4wIcQHk1oZZoFtwgukSdcFaRGdVamJh1Ag8qI2CSQ0rZ3x5NFxxrAasAp4l14IjDUDWSQ66D9nsgFVA_KowL6qsnTQ1h1_GpUNPT0rzSN4AcAGxKMIP/s1600/Alhazen-Refraction+of+light.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXqDeGqmaBTSZUFyjbVoRHrCsOl4wIcQHk1oZZoFtwgukSdcFaRGdVamJh1Ag8qI2CSQ0rZ3x5NFxxrAasAp4l14IjDUDWSQ66D9nsgFVA_KowL6qsnTQ1h1_GpUNPT0rzSN4AcAGxKMIP/s1600/Alhazen-Refraction+of+light.jpg" width="340" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Alhazen está considerado como uno de los físicos más importantes de la Edad Media. Sus trabajos fundamentales se refirieron a<i><b> la óptica geométrica</b></i>, campo en el que al contrario que Ptolomeo, defendía la hipótesis de que la luz procedía del Sol y que los objetos que no poseen luz propia lo único que hacían es reflejarla gracias a lo que es posible verlos.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Llevó a cabo también diversos estudios referidos a<b><i> la reflexión y la refracción de la luz, al origen del arco iris y al empleo de las lentes </i></b>(<b><i>construyendo la llamada cámara oscura</i></b>). Asimismo, defendió la idea de la<b><i> finitud del espesor de la atmósfera terrestre.</i></b></span></div>
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<a name='more'></a><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Estudios pioneros sobre la visión </b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoZq8wfi3chxxRaiFsZie7bWVhffmott_n5zzGm_GrOaiOj2FXN6oYVtPisPZ9putZv1THgk6E3-J5ZjRfm79muIPopG8QIRkgLnc_Z1fWXMYviXE-93A3h8V23T-duasCvSateJ4NQaqt/s1600/Ibn+Alhac%C3%A9n+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoZq8wfi3chxxRaiFsZie7bWVhffmott_n5zzGm_GrOaiOj2FXN6oYVtPisPZ9putZv1THgk6E3-J5ZjRfm79muIPopG8QIRkgLnc_Z1fWXMYviXE-93A3h8V23T-duasCvSateJ4NQaqt/s1600/Ibn+Alhac%C3%A9n+3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Alhazen estudió el proceso de la vista, la estructura del ojo, la formación de la imagen en el ojo y el sistema visual, por lo que a Alhazen le deben ser acreditados muchos descubrimientos y teorías, que previamente fueron atribuidas a los europeos occidentales siglos después.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Alhazen se sustentó en varios conceptos novedosos. Uno de los más importantes fue considerar expresamente a los objetos que vemos como fuentes secundarias de luz e idealizar las fuentes luminosas extensas como conjuntos de fuentes puntuales que emiten rayos en todas las direcciones. Las fuentes de luz propia, como las estrellas, emiten luz en todas las direcciones y son vistas cuando algunos de los rayos emitidos llegan al ojo. Puesto que podemos ver objetos que no emiten luz propia, se han de considerar estos objetos como fuentes secundarias de luz.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fue el primero en dar una interpretación clara del funcionamiento de <b>la cámara oscura y planteó un modelo de visión según el cual ésta consistía en la formación de una imagen óptica en el interior del ojo que funcionaba de forma semejante a su modelo de cámara oscura.</b> Supuso que uno de los rayos de luz emitidos por cada punto del objeto iluminado atravesaba el pequeño agujero de la pupila y formaba el punto correspondiente de la imagen en una pantalla interior de esa "cámara".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Con esta propuesta Alhacen había modelizado al ojo humano como un instrumento óptico, ayudando a que la ciencia de la visión empezara a ser una ciencia de la luz.</b> La luz pasó a ser considerada como una entidad física en el espacio independiente del ojo del observador y de la fuente luminosa y que, por tanto, podía ser objeto de estudio en sí misma independientemente de la visión.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">En sus estudios, Alhacen consideró los rayos de luz como trazos rectos de cuyo comportamiento geométrico se pueden derivar consecuencias ópticas. Al estudiar la reflexión y la refracción fue el primero en descomponer los rayos en componentes horizontal y vertical e incluso</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> encontró un resultado similar a la ley de Snell de la refracción</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, aunque no lo expresó matemáticamente. Estos avances le permitieron explicar varios fenómenos de visión indirecta como cuando vemos un objeto al mirar a un espejo plano o cuando se encuentra sumergido en el agua.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYxDRmIbV5fOxa9WUjoa9SiPh2_9ks_XUqm0KZDArhfen24saE1AAosWFpFHery1CNZMZTMP_5Rz2EIo4el3nDsMLFg7r7PHSr_1L0FvOw3XZLWou9J2d5yR3mHn1wYPexzR8f5xjrbuaV/s1600/alhacen-optica-1.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYxDRmIbV5fOxa9WUjoa9SiPh2_9ks_XUqm0KZDArhfen24saE1AAosWFpFHery1CNZMZTMP_5Rz2EIo4el3nDsMLFg7r7PHSr_1L0FvOw3XZLWou9J2d5yR3mHn1wYPexzR8f5xjrbuaV/s1600/alhacen-optica-1.PNG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El modelo de visión de Alhazen superó muchas carencias anteriores, pero erró al considerar que la formación de cada punto de la imagen óptica se realizaba con un único rayo procedente de cada punto del objeto. En realidad, esta suposición es incompatible con las observaciones de la cámara oscura (resulta curioso que, pese a su éxito inicial, la teoría de Alhacen no pudiera explicar precisamente algunas observaciones con la cámara oscura, cada vez más utilizada en la Edad Media) y con el comportamiento de las lentes (desconocidas en su época).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Metodéutica científica de Alhazen</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Un aspecto asociado a la investigación óptica de Alhazen se relaciona con confianza sistémica y metodéutica en <i><b>la experimentación, con pruebas de control en sus investigaciones científicas.</b></i> Por otra parte, sus pruebas experimentales se orientaban por medio de la <b><i>combinación de la física clásica con las matemáticas (geometría en particular)</i></b>. Este enfoque física-matemático que guía la experimentación, apoya la mayoría de sus proposiciones en su tratado de óptica: <b style="font-style: italic;">Manazir de Kitab al-Kitab (De aspectibus o Perspectivae); </b>en el cual sustenta sus teorías de <b>la visión, luz y el color,</b> así como su investigación en <b>catóptrica y dióptrica (el estudio de la refracción de la luz).</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Tratados de la óptica</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Además de su gran tratado de óptica, Alhazen escribió varios otros tratados menores, sobre el mismo tema, entre ellos su<i> </i><b><i>Risala fi l-Daw' (Tratado de la luz)</i>.</b> Él investigó las <b>propiedades de luminancia (intensidad lumínica), los colores del arco iris, los eclipses, de los crepúsculos y la luz de la Luna</b>. De igual manera realizó <b>experimentos con espejos y lentes de aumento</b> en las que fundamentó sus teorías en<b> catóptrica.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Astrofisica y mecánica celeste</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">En <b>astrofísica</b> y <b>mecánica celeste</b>, Alhazen, en su <b>Epítome</b> de la astronomía, argumentaba que los <b>modelos de Ptolomeo</b>, sobre el el movimiento planetario, con <b>sus circunferencias, epiciclos, equantes y deferentes</b>, debían ser comprendidos en términos de objetos físicos en lugar de hipótesis abstractas; es decir, que debería ser posible crear <b>modelos físicos</b>, y probar que ninguno de los cuerpos celestes chocarían entre sí, por ejemplo. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sobre el tema </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">escribió: "</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Dudas sobre Ptolomeo",</i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> donde protestaba porque </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>el epiciclo sobre deferente </i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">daba a los astros, cuerpos simples, un movimiento que </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">no era realmente una simple circunferencia</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, mientras que </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>el ecuante</i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> hacía que</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> sus movimientos no fuesen realmente uniformes</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. Esto era una ácida crítica, al postulado medular de la cosmología clásica, es decir, que los movimientos de los objetos supralunares, deberían ser circulares y uniformes, y por ende, perfectos. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Además señalaba que estas licencias falsas eran señal de que</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Ptolomeo no había dado con la verdadera constitución del mundo</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, por más que sus modelos imitasen aceptablemente las apariencias. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">No obstante, este tipo de</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">modelos mecánicos ptolemaicos centrado en la Tierra (geocéntricos)</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>fueron asumidos como piedra angular de la cosmovisión del medioevo occidental cristiano y permean toda su pensamiento teológico, filosófico y literario por siglos. </b></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuBTvaj6p2Tfm74mmV_QvG-02Wt-2ZLlnebYApigzpt3e42Po_ZARwzeK461L_aKc6YvWw_eb1aA1y83pplX0dAuTf75LdT9zXvIqDQQBZ-Uj9NGCnCvThjiNXm34bd5WBtJatxKOWteTa/s1600/Ibn+Al-Haytham+observer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuBTvaj6p2Tfm74mmV_QvG-02Wt-2ZLlnebYApigzpt3e42Po_ZARwzeK461L_aKc6YvWw_eb1aA1y83pplX0dAuTf75LdT9zXvIqDQQBZ-Uj9NGCnCvThjiNXm34bd5WBtJatxKOWteTa/s1600/Ibn+Al-Haytham+observer.jpg" width="346" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Mecánica</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">En su obra Alhazen discute teorías sobre <i>el movimiento de un cuerpo</i>. En su tratado sobre <i><b>El lugar</b></i>,<b> Alhazen discrepó con la visión de Aristóteles, que naturaleza aborrece un vacío, y él usó la geometría en un intento para demostrar que ese lugar (<i>al-makan</i>), es imaginable como un vacío tridimensional entre las superficies internas que un cuerpo contiene.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Obras</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfKSHD9faYpnszuAGZMqL5qSP1X2vv6GIx_ahqCNJoOHI7pnzV6EMGCPIMw0zG0WRFKnwLV8IDVFefkzup0m8s5TV4xMC7MVCgjNhG_tAEPMO3MaCOd8OoNlFHvN6uC4w1X45U8HnaDdgj/s1600/alhazen-book-of-optics.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfKSHD9faYpnszuAGZMqL5qSP1X2vv6GIx_ahqCNJoOHI7pnzV6EMGCPIMw0zG0WRFKnwLV8IDVFefkzup0m8s5TV4xMC7MVCgjNhG_tAEPMO3MaCOd8OoNlFHvN6uC4w1X45U8HnaDdgj/s1600/alhazen-book-of-optics.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Biógrafos medievales árabes y europeos, consideraron que Alhazen escribió más de 250 libros de diferentes temas. Lamentablemente la mayoría de ellos se fueron perdiendo con el tiempo aunque otros sobrevivieron hasta la actualidad. Sus libros son considerados como verdaderas joyas de la historia de la ciencia, para poder comprender el desarrollo de la física teórica de la edad de oro islámica. Muchos de sus libros todavía aun no han sido estudiados plenamente, pero a pesar de su complejidad, siguen siendo estudiados por los especialistas. Algunas de sus obras referidas son: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>* Balance de la sabiduría</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>* Relojes de sol horizontales</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>* Dudas sobre Ptolomeo</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>* Al ver las estrellas</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>* En la cuadratura del círculo</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>* En la esfera de la quema</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>* En la configuración del mundo</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>* La forma de Eclipse</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>* A la luz de estrellas</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>* A la luz de la luna</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>* En la vía láctea</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>* Sobre la naturaleza de las sombras</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>* En el arco iris y Halo</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>* Las diferentes alturas de los planetas</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>* La dirección de la Meca</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>* El modelo de los movimientos de cada uno de los siete planetas</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>* El modelo del universo</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>* El movimiento de la luna</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>* Tratado sobre la luz</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>* Tratado en lugar</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Uno de sus libros de los que mas se lamenta su pérdida, ya que no se conserva ninguna copia es: "<i><b>La influencia de las melodías en las almas de los animales</b></i>". Alhazen creía que los animales percibían las melodías y que estas producían efectos en sus conductas.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.bradleysteffens.unimwebcenter.com/" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAONiVmiufpbz1XAl5LUMSo9iHja2Jlr1E5qVVJonpXRVRCNuJ7zhyxvaxnexHztWUF1ALuRmzjBdXlKh5uUeDo0ildbrH_lk0gpHGi55Qjht7OB0uLuJGhZnqv1mUyWZ0Dmbr2c0nlk1i/s1600/ibn-al-haytam-The+first+scientist.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Ibn al Haytham - The First Scientist - </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Alhazen Biography </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Bradley Steffens</b></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u>Referencias descargables:</u></b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* </b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/wxo1xvt8e9t8tc3/Roshdi-Rashed-Encyclopedia-of-the-History-of-Arabic-Science-Volume-1.pdf" target="_blank">Roshdi Rashed: Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science(Volume 1)</a></b></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* </b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/wmahrh2uo1zr547/Roshdi-Rashed--Encyclopedia-of-the-History-of-Arabic-Science-Volume-3.pdf" target="_blank">Roshdi Rashed: Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science(Volume-3)</a></b></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* </b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/3fywg94xcadt7qz/Roshdi-Rashed--De-Al-Khayyam-a-Descartes-Sur-Les-Courbes.pdf" target="_blank">Roshdi Rashed: De Al Khayyam a Descartes-Sur Les Courbes</a></b></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">*<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/n1wz6yqlby8x6mg/S.Rahman-T.Street-H.Tahiri%28eds%29The%20Unity%20of%20Sciencie%20in%20the%20Arabic%20Tradition.pdf" target="_blank"> </a></b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/n1wz6yqlby8x6mg/S.Rahman-T.Street-H.Tahiri%28eds%29The%20Unity%20of%20Sciencie%20in%20the%20Arabic%20Tradition.pdf" target="_blank">S.Rahman-T.Street-H.Tahiri(eds)The Unity of Sciencie in the Arabic Tradition</a></b></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u>Ver también: </u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>* <a href="http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ibn_al-Haytham_BEA.htm" target="_blank">Ibn al‐Haytham: Abū ʿAlī al‐Ḥasan ibn al‐Ḥasan</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/book-review-ibn-al-haytham-and-new-optics" target="_blank">Ibn al-Haytham and the New Optics</a></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* </span><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://harvardmagazine.com/2003/09/ibn-al-haytham-html" target="_blank">Ibn al-Haytham</a></span></b></div>
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<b>* </b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/297/5582/773.full.pdf" target="_blank">A Polymath in the 10th Century</a></b></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">* <a href="http://www.math-e.com/?p=1254" target="_blank">Ibn al-Haytham الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم</a></b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">* <a href="http://www.ibnalhaytham.net/" target="_blank">ibn al-haytham The frisrt sicentist and the father of optics </a></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>* <a href="https://lise.oca.eu/spip.php?rubrique37" target="_blank">Brief history of astronomical optics </a></b></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* <a href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001412/141236E.pdf" target="_blank">The mircale of light</a></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>* <a href="http://bit.ly/OyIjFM" target="_blank">Modelo de visión de Alhacén</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>* <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/noticias/2010/12/101129_primer_cientifico_verdadero_az.shtml" target="_blank">Jim al-Khalili: El primer científico de verdad</a></b></span></div>
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Filosofía en Costa Ricahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913529307278002591noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3899327006290566633.post-77880619281686421162015-08-18T20:53:00.000-06:002015-09-24T08:45:57.003-06:00"Ícaro o el futuro de la ciencia" por Bertrand Russel (1924)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>"Ícaro o el futuro de la ciencia" </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>por Bertrand Russel (1924)</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDZGcFi21TX_tOHpluwwes7ZIEaJLBiHJkjeMIt77puK4-8zsyO-wjobNUb3HJ7acXJ1dxO2rn35YIS2DkLtVQaaYo5W0N1k3lhUrZH-tc_kdzkyPeMwiG8Gwq5woRyrJOqfD5AAegsnYZ/s1600/BuleVoadorRussell-face.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDZGcFi21TX_tOHpluwwes7ZIEaJLBiHJkjeMIt77puK4-8zsyO-wjobNUb3HJ7acXJ1dxO2rn35YIS2DkLtVQaaYo5W0N1k3lhUrZH-tc_kdzkyPeMwiG8Gwq5woRyrJOqfD5AAegsnYZ/s400/BuleVoadorRussell-face.jpg" width="306" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>I. Introducción</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pinta <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Burdon_Sanderson_Haldane" target="_blank">Haldane</a>, en su obra Dédalo [1], un cuadro atractivo del futuro que pudiera sobrevenir si acaso los descubrimientos científicos son utilizados para promover la humana felicidad. Por mucho que me agradase coincidir con semejante predicción, mi larga experiencia [2] con estadistas y con gobiernos me ha tornado algo escéptico. He llegado a temer que la ciencia sea utilizada para promover el poder de los grupos dominantes, en vez de buscar la dicha y prosperidad de los hombres.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Habiendo enseñado Dédalo a volar a su hijo Ícaro, pereció éste por culpa de su imprudencia. Mucho me temo que pueda aguardarles la misma suerte a los conglomerados humanos a los que los científicos de hoy han enseñado a volar. En las páginas que siguen se exponen algunos de los peligros inherentes al progreso científico mientras subsistan las actuales instituciones políticas y económicas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Apenas si puede esbozarse en sus aspectos esenciales tan vasto tema en un espacio tan limitado. El mundo en que vivimos ya nada tiene que ver con los tiempos de Maricastaña y la diferencia entre ambos débese principalmente al desarrollo de la ciencia. Es una forma de decir que la diferencia podría ser bastante menor si se exceptúan unos cuantos descubrimientos, pero es el resultado de la forma en que la humana naturaleza ha llevado a cabo sus descubrimientos. Los cambios introducidos han sido en parte buenos y en parte malos, pero el que, a la larga, pruebe la ciencia haber sido una bendición o una maldición para el género humano es algo que, a mi entender, aún está por verse.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">La ciencia puede afectar a la vida humana de dos maneras diferentes. Por una parte, sin llegar a cambiar las pasiones del hombre o su perspectiva en general, pudiera aumentar el poder que éste posee para satisfacer sus deseos. Por otra parte, sus efectos pueden actuar sobre la imaginaria concepción del mundo que el hombre posea, esto es, la tecnología o la filosofía aceptadas en la práctica. Este último aspecto daría pie a un estudio fascinante, pero lo voy a ignorar casi totalmente a fin de poder restringir el tema a proporciones más manejables. Por lo tanto, me limitaré en lo posible al efecto que posee la ciencia para capacitarnos más libremente en la satisfacción de nuestras pasiones, algo que hasta el presente es de la mayor importancia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Desde nuestro punto de vista, pueden dividirse las ciencias en tres grupos: ciencias físicas, biológicas y antropológicas [3]. En el grupo físico incluyo a la química y, en términos generales, a cualquier ciencia que se relacione con las propiedades de la materia, a excepción de la vida. Incluyo en el grupo de ciencias antropológicas cuanto estudio se relacione específicamente con el hombre: fisiología y psicología humanas (entre las cuales resulta imposible trazar una frontera definida), antropología, historia, sociología y economía. Todos estos estudios tienen en común que pueden entenderse mejor a partir de consideraciones extraídas del campo de la biología [4]; así, por ejemplo, Rivers ha esclarecido ciertos aspectos de la economía al manejar datos relativos a la posesión de la tierra que practican ciertos pájaros durante la temporada de cría. Pero, pese a su relación con la biología (relación que probablemente irá en aumento conforme pase el tiempo), son ciencias que se distinguen ampliamente de esa disciplina por sus métodos y por los datos que manejan, y sólo por eso merecen ser consideradas aparte, sobre todo en un trabajo de índole sociológica.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hasta el presente ha sido mínimo el efecto producido por las ciencias biológicas. Qué duda cabe de que tanto el darwinismo como el concepto de evolución influyeron en su día en las concepciones filosóficas; de ambos salieron argumentos en favor tanto de la abierta competencia como del nacionalismo. Sin embargo, ése es el tipo de efecto que me propongo no tomar en consideración. Es probable que tarde o temprano surjan de estas ciencias muy importantes consecuencias. Así como el mendelismo puede haber revolucionado la agricultura, quién quita que alguna teoría similar haga lo mismo en cualquier momento. La bacteriología puede servirnos para exterminar las plagas que ocasionan enfermedades. Con el tiempo, el estudio del mecanismo de la herencia podrá hacer de la genética una ciencia exacta y quizá podamos más adelante estar en condiciones de determinar a voluntad el sexo de nuestros hijos, lo que probablemente nos llevaría a un exceso de varones, situación que significaría un vuelco completo en las instituciones familiares. Sólo que semejantes especulaciones pertenecen al futuro. Repito que no me propongo tratar acerca de los posibles efectos que en el futuro tenga la biología, en parte porque mi conocimiento de esta ciencia es muy limitado, pero también porque este punto ha sido admirablemente trabajado por Haldane.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">De las ciencias antropológicas podríamos, a priori, haber esperado que produjeran mayores efectos en el orden social, pero hasta el momento no ha sido así, en parte porque han quedado como detenidas en la fase temprana de su desarrollo. Incluso la economía sigue sin alcanzar las consecuencias esperadas y donde parece haberlo logrado, débese a que ha propugnado lo que por lo demás se deseaba que sucediera. Hasta el presente, la más efectiva de las ciencias antropológicas ha sido la medicina, por su influencia en los programas de salubridad y salud pública, así como por el hecho. de haber descubierto la forma de tratar la malaria y la fiebre amarilla. Dentro de esta categoría, juega también un papel relevante el control de natalidad. Pero aunque las futuras consecuencias de las ciencias antropológicas (a las que volveré de inmediato) son ilimitadas, su efecto hasta el presente ha quedado confinado en muy estrechos límites.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">De entrada, una observación de carácter general. La ciencia ha aumentado el control del hombre sobre la naturaleza, de donde pudiera inferirse que ello se va a traducir en un aumento proporcional de bienestar y mejoras. Así sería, en efecto, si los hombres fueran seres racionales, pero el hecho es que todos son un manojo de instintos y pasiones. Cualquier especie animal situada en un entorno estable, si no se extingue, llega a adquirir un perfecto equilibrio entre sus pasiones y las condiciones circundantes de vida. Si súbitamente cambian las condiciones, se altera ese equilibrio. En su estado natural, a los lobos les resulta difícil conseguir alimento, por lo que precisan del estímulo de una persistente voracidad. El resultado es que sus descendientes, los perros domésticos, comen en demasía si se les deja hacerlo. Cuando es útil determinada cantidad de algo y disminuye la dificultad por obtenerlo, por lo general, el instinto conduce a un animal a excederse en su nueva circunstancia. El súbito cambio que ha producido la ciencia ha alterado el equilibrio entre nuestros instintos y nuestras condiciones de vida, pero lo ha hecho en direcciones no suficientemente advertidas. La sobrealimentación no es un serio peligro, pero sí lo es la sobrelucha. Los instintos humanos de poder y rivalidad han de ser dominados, si es que el industrialismo quiere tener éxito, de modo similar a como se domina el apetito lobuno de los perros.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>II. Efectos derivados de las ciencias físicas</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">La mayor parte de los cambios que ha introducido la ciencia en la vida social débense a las ciencias físicas, lo que resulta evidente si se piensa que son las que produjeron la revolución industrial. Es un tópico trillado acerca del cual sólo me explayaré en la medida en que el tema lo permita; existen, sin embargo, algunos aspectos que conviene subrayar.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">En primer lugar, aún le queda al industrialismo por conquistar grandes extensiones del globo terráqueo, ya que tanto Rusia como la India están muy imperfectamente industrializadas; la China , nada en absoluto, y en Suramérica, aún hay lugar para un inmenso desarrollo. Uno de los efectos del industrialismo es el de unificar económicamente al mundo; sus últimas consecuencias se deberán grandemente a este hecho. Pero antes de que el mundo esté organizado en efecto como tal unidad, será probablemente necesario desarrollar industrialmente todas las regiones capaces de hacerlo, pero que en la actualidad se encuentran atrasadas. Conforme se generaliza y extiende el industrialismo.' cambian sus efectos, y esto es algo que conviene recordar cada vez que se quiera tratar la transición del pasado al futuro.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El segundo punto acerca del industrialismo es que aumenta la productividad laboral, con lo que permite que cada vez existan más bien superfluos. Al comienzo, en Inglaterra, el principal lujo permitido fue que aumentara la población, aunque en realidad se mantuviera bajo el nivel de vida. Sobrevino luego un período de bonanza en que se aumentaron los salarios, disminuyeron las horas de trabajo y, al mismo tiempo, prosperó la clase media. Ello sucedió mientras todavía Gran Bretaña era una potencia. Al desarrollarse el industrialismo extranjero, comenzó una nueva época. Raras veces han logrado las organizaciones industriales desarrollarse a escala mundial, por lo que se han hecho eminentemente nacionales. Y así, la competencia que antes se entablaba entre empresas individuales, ahora se establece entre naciones, por lo que se lleva a cabo mediante métodos totalmente distintos a los considerados por los economistas clásicos.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El industrialismo moderno es una lucha entre naciones por el logro de dos objetivos: mercados y materias primas, aparte del puro placer derivado del hecho de dominar. El trabajo que queda libre como consecuencia de haber cubierto las necesidades primordiales tiende cada vez más a ser absorbido por las rivalidades nacionales. En primer lugar, las fuerzas armadas de cada país; le siguen, a continuación, los traficantes de armas, desde la materia prima hasta el producto acabado; también los servicios diplomáticos y consulares, así como los maestros que dan lecciones de patriotismo y, por último, la prensa. Claro que todos ellos también desempeñan otras funciones, pero su principal objetivo es alimentar la competencia internacional. A ello debemos agregar una considerable proporción de científicos, en tanto un grupo más cuyas tareas se encaminan al mismo fin. Son los hombres que se la pasan inventando métodos cada vez más elaborados para el ataque y la defensa. El resultado neto de sus desvelos es el de reducir la proporción de población que puede ser enviada a primera línea por ser mucho más necesaria en la producción de armamento, lo que a primera vista parecer una bendición, aunque hay que tener en cuenta que en nuestros días la guerra está dirigida primordialmente contra la población civil, por lo que en cualquier país derrotado los civiles sufrirán tanto o más que los propios soldados [5].</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fundamentalmente, es la ciencia la que ha determinado la importancia que tienen las materias p rimas en el cuadro de la competencia internacional. Especialmente, carbón¡ hierro y petróleo, que constituyen el principio del poder y, por consiguiente, de la riqueza. La nación que los posea y que disponga también de la capacidad industrial para emplearlos en la guerra, estará en condiciones de apoderarse de mercados por medio de sus ejércitos, así como - de imponer fuertes tributos a las naciones menos afortunadas. Los economistas han subestimado el papel que desempeñan las hazañas bélicas en la adquisición de riqueza. Las viejas aristocracias europeas fueron, en sus orígenes, invasores guerreros. Su derrota a manos de la burguesía surgida de la Revolución Francesa , así como el temor que tal suceso le inspirara al duque de Wellington, sirvieron para propiciar el surgimiento de la clase media. Las guerras del siglo XVIII ayudaron a hacer de Inglaterra un país más rico que Francia. Las normas establecidas por los economistas clásicos acerca de la distribución de la riqueza son válidas en el caso de que las acciones humanas se ajusten a leyes, es decir, cuando a la mayoría de la gente no le importen los resultados. Pero aquellos resultados que los pueblos han considerado vitales para sus intereses han sido todos decididos mediante guerras civiles o guerras entre Estados. Y en la actualidad, gracias a la ciencia, el arte de la guerra consiste en la posesión del carbón, el hierro, el petróleo y la capacidad industrial para aprovecharlos. Por razones de simplificación, omito otro tipo de materias primas, puesto que no afectan en nada el fondo del problema.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Podemos, por consiguiente, afirmar, en términos generales, que la humanidad ha utilizado el aumento de productividad, consecuencia de la ciencia, en tres principales propósitos, en este orden: en primer lugar, en aumentar la población; luego, en elevar el nivel de la calidad de vida, y por último, en dedicar más energías a la guerra. El último aspecto ha sido puesto de manifiesto en la competencia desatada por obtener mercados, que a su vez ha llevado a la competencia por apoderarse de las materias primas, especialmente las que sirven para fabricar armas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>III. Aumento de la organización</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El estímulo que en los últimos tiempos ha recibido el nacionalismo débese en buena medida al aumento de organización [6], lo que viene a constituir la verdadera esencia del industrialismo. Siempre que se requiera un capital fijo importante, se necesitará ciertamente una organización de gran envergadura. También la organización es factor de considerable importancia en el tipo de economía que desarrolla una producción en gran escala. Para determinados propósitos, si no para todos, muchas de las industrias tienden a organizarse nacionalmente, en forma tal que llegan a ser grandes negocios de un solo país.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">La ciencia, por su parte, no sólo ha traído consigo la exigencia de una gran organización, sino también la posibilidad técnica de su existencia. Sin ferrocarriles, telégrafos y teléfono, se dificultaría muchísimo el control a partir de un centro de operaciones. En los antiguos imperios, y hasta tiempos recientes en China, las provincias eran gobernadas en la práctica por sátrapas o procónsules, los cuales, aunque nombrados por el gobierno central, tenían amplio poder de decisión en la mayoría de las cuestiones de la administración. En caso de que llegaran a disgustar al soberano, sólo cabía intentar controlarlos mediante la fuerza, surgiendo una guerra civil cuyos resultados siempre eran difíciles de predecir. Hasta el invento del telégrafo, poseían los embajadores un alto grado de independencia, ya que en muchas ocasiones se veían obligados a actuar sin poder esperar a recibir órdenes procedentes de su país. Lo que comenzó a aplicarse en la política terminó aplicándose a los negocios: una organización controlada desde el centro operacional debía poseer suficiente flexibilidad como para permitir una relativa autonomía a muchos de sus subordinados. Pero tanto la opinión como la acción son difícilmente moldeables a partir de un centro, por lo que las variaciones locales venían a alterar la uniformidad de las doctrinas impartidas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Todo esto ha cambiado en nuestros días. Tanto el telégrafo como el teléfono y la comunicación inalámbrica permiten transmitir fácilmente órdenes a partir de un centro operacional. Los ferrocarriles y los vapores facilitan asimismo el transporte de tropas en caso de que esas órdenes fueran desobedecidas. Los modernos métodos de impresión y publicidad hacen que resulte muchísimo más económico producir y distribuir un periódico de gran circulación en lugar de muchos con circulación limitada, por lo que, respecto del control de la opinión a través de la prensa, puede decirse que existe una gran uniformidad, sobre todo en lo atinente a las informaciones. La educación básica, con excepción de las variantes religiosas, llévase a efecto a partir de normas impartidas por el Estado, mediante maestros preparados por ese Estado con el fin de que, en la medida de lo posible, imiten la regularidad y mutua semejanza que poseen las máquinas que sirven para una producción uniforme. En esa forma, han aumentado pari passu las condiciones materiales y psicológicas que posibilitan una mayor organización, por más que el fundamento de todo este desarrollo sea la inventiva científica aplicada al dominio de lo meramente físico. El incremento de la productividad ha desempeñado su parte, al permitir disponer de más mano de obra destinada a labores de propaganda, sección que incluye la publicidad, el cine, la prensa, la educación, la política y la religión. La radio es un nuevo método muy apropiado para un espectacular avance tan pronto como la gente se convenza de que no es mera propaganda.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Como ha puesto de manifiesto Graham Wallas, los enfrentamientos o controversias de naturaleza política deberían llevarse a cabo en términos cuantitativos. Tal sería el caso si la sociología fuera una de las disciplinas que tienen influencia en las instituciones sociales, cosa que no sucede. La actual disputa entre anarquismo y burocracia tiende a presentarse como una lucha entre dos concepciones, una de las cuales sostiene que no necesitamos ningún tipo de organización, mientras la otra propugna mayor cantidad de organización. Quien esté imbuido del espíritu científico apenas si se molesta en tomar en cuenta semejantes posturas extremas. Hay quienes consideran que, desde el punto de vista de la salud, las habitaciones están demasiado calientes mientras que otros siempre sostendrán que están demasiado frías. Si se tratara de una cuestión política, existiría un partido que mantendría que la mejor temperatura es el cero absoluto y otro que afirmaría que lo es la temperatura de fusión del hierro. A quienes trataran de mantener una posición intermedia se les acusaría de ser unos timoratos y vulgares oportunistas, agentes disfrazados del otro bando, personas que sólo han arruinado el entusiasmo de una causa sagrada por echar mano de tímidos llamados a la razón y al sentido común. Cualquiera que tuviera valor suficiente para decir que las habitaciones no deberían estar ni muy calientes ni muy frías, sería denostado por los dos partidos en pugna y muy probablemente fusilado en tierra de nadie. Es posible que algún día los políticos lleguen a ser seres racionales, pero por los momentos no hay ni la más leve indicación de que su conducta vaya en esa dirección.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Para un espíritu racional, la cuestión no es si necesitamos o no necesitamos organización, sino cuánta organización se requiere, dónde, cuándo y qué tipo de organización. A pesar de cierta tendencia al anarquismo, estoy convencido de que el mundo industrial no podrá mantenerse frente a sus propias fuerzas destructoras si no genera mucha más organización de la que actualmente posee. Lo que crea las dificultades no es la cantidad de organización, sino su naturaleza y propósito. Pero antes de enfrentamos a ese punto, detengámonos un instante para preguntarnos cuál es la medida de la intensidad de organización que presenta una sociedad determinada.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Los actos humanos son, en parte, determinados por impulsos espontáneos y, en parte, por las consecuencias conscientes o inconscientes de pertenecer a determinado grupo social. Las acciones de una persona que trabaje, por ejemplo, en una compañía de ferrocarril o en una mina son totalmente determinadas por quienes dirigen el trabajo colectivo del que esa persona forma parte. Aun cuando decida ir a la huelga, su acto no es individual, sino que está determinado por el respectivo sindicato. Cuando ejerce el derecho al voto, ya las instancias superiores del partido han limitado su campo de elección a uno de entre dos o tres candidatos, y la propaganda del partido le ha inducido a aceptar in toto uno de los dos o tres paquetes de opiniones que constituyen el programa electoral. Puede que su elección entre un partido u otro sea individual, aunque también pudiera estar determinada por la acción de determinado grupo, como, por ejemplo, el sindicato que apoye en conjunto a uno de los partidos en pugna. Lo que lea en los periódicos lo expone a los efectos de fuerzas muy bien organizadas; igual le sucede con lo que vea en el cine, si es que va al cine. Es probable que sea espontánea su elección de mujer, exceptuando el hecho de que tiene que elegirla entre las de su misma clase social. Pero donde se encuentra totalmente impotente es en el aspecto relativo a la educación de sus hijos: tendrán la educación que se les proporcione. En esta forma, la organización determina muchos aspectos vitales de la existencia de este hombre. Compáresele CM un artesano o un propietario rural que no sepa leer y por consiguiente no eduque a sus hijos, y se verá claramente lo que se quiere decir cuando se afirma que el industrialismo ha aumentado la intensidad de organización. Pienso que, a a fin de definir semejante término, hay que excluir las consecuencias inconscientes de los grupos sociales, a menos que se las tome como causas que posibilitan la aparición de efectos conscientes. Podemos definir entonces la intensidad de organización a que se ve sometido determinado individuo como la proporción de sus actos que es determinada por órdenes o consejos procedentes de algún grupo social y que se expresan mediante una toma democrática de decisiones o mediante la acción de funcionarios ejecutivos. Puede también definirse la intensidad de organización en una sociedad como la intensidad de organización promedio existente entre sus diversos miembros.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">No sólo aumenta la intensidad de organización cuando alguien pertenece a mayor número de grupos, sino también cuando las organizaciones a las que ya se pertenece adquieren una mayor participación en la vida de un individuo, como sucede, por ejemplo, con el Estado, que desempeña un papel más importante en tiempo de guerra que en la paz.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Otro aspecto que es menester considerar cuantitativamente es el relativo al grado de democracia, oligarquía o monarquía que existe en una organización. Ninguna organización se encuadra nítidamente en uno de los tres tipos mencionados. Han de existir en ella funcionarios ejecutivos que a menudo sean capaces de tomar decisiones en la práctica, por más que en teoría no deban hacerlo. Y aun en el caso de que su poder dependa de la persuasión, puede llegar a controlar tan completamente la correspondiente imagen pública que siempre están en condiciones de poder contar con una mayoría. Por ejemplo, los directores de una compañía de ferrocarril están libres de cualquier control por parte de los accionistas de la misma, para todos los efectos y propósitos; los accionistas no tienen posibilidad alguna de organizar una oposición, aun en el caso de que desearan hacerlo. En Norteamérica un presidente de una compañía ferrocarrilera es casi un monarca. Aunque en la política partidista el poder de los dirigentes depende de la persuasión, no deja de aumentar continuamente desde el momento en que la propaganda impresa se hace cada día más importante. Por tales razones, aun cuando aumenta la democracia formal, el grado real de control democrático tiende a disminuir, excepto en las pocas cuestiones que despiertan las pasiones populares.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Resultado de semejante estado de cosas es que, a consecuencia de los inventos científico! que facilitan la centralización y la propaganda, los grupos se hacen cada vez más organizados, más disciplinados, más conscientes de su papel y más dóciles ante los dirigentes. Ha aumentado la influencia de éstos sobre sus seguidores, por lo que resulta cada vez más evidente el control de la situación en manos de unas pocas y prominentes personalidades.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">No habría en todo esto nada demasiado trágico a no ser por el hecho, con el cual nada tiene que ver la ciencia, de que esa organización es casi enteramente nacional. Si los hombres, como suponían los economistas clásicos, actuaran por amor a los beneficios, tal no sería el caso: las mismas causas que han permitido la creación de empresas nacionales posibilitarían la constitución de empresas internacionales. Es algo que ha ocurrido en algunos casos, pero no en una escala lo suficientemente amplia como para afectar vitalmente ni la política ni la economía. En el caso de la mayoría de las personas adineradas y enérgicas, la rivalidad es un motivo más poderoso que el amor al dinero. Pero para que la rivalidad triunfe se requiere la organización de In fuerzas que entran en pugna; en un negocio como el petróleo, por ejemplo, la tendencia es a organizarse en dos grupos rivales que entre ambos se repartan el mundo. Pero esa fusión de intereses acabaría con el placer del juego. Pudiera afirmarse que el objetivo de un equipo de fútbol es marcar goles. Si se fusionaran dos equipos rivales y manejaran el balón alternativamente, no cabe ninguna duda de que se anotarían más goles. Y sin embargo, a nadie se le ocurre proponerlo, ya que el objetivo de un equipo de fútbol no el hacer goles, sino ganar. En forma semejante, el objetivo de una gran empresa no es hacer dinero, sino ganar en su pelea con alguna otra empresa [7]. Si no existieran empresas que derrotar, todo el trabajo resultaría de lo más aburrido. Semejante rivalidad se ha unido con el nacionalismo, con lo que ha ganado el apoyo de los ciudadanos comunes y corrientes de los países interesados; rara vez saben lo que están apoyando, pero al igual que los espectadores de un juego de fútbol, se entusiasman con su equipo. El daño que producen la ciencia y el industrialismo se debe por entero al hecho de que, aunque hayan probado ambos que poseen suficiente vigor como para crear una organización nacional de fuerzas económicas, no han probado tenerla para constituir una organización internacional. Resulta evidente que el internacionalismo político, tal como se supo que iba a establecerlo la Sociedad de las Naciones, jamás tendrá éxito a menos de que exista el internacionalismo económico [8], el cual exigiría, como mínimo, el acuerdo entre diversas organizaciones internacionales para repartirse entre ellas materias primas y mercados mundiales. Sin embargo, esto es algo que no podrá llevarse a cabo mientras los grandes negocios se encuentren controlados por hombres que son tan ricos como para haberse hecho indiferentes al dinero y que lo que quieren es arriesgar enormes pérdidas por el mero placer de la rivalidad.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwk6sgQrzfcUVaY7WbuCUDF_9Zinzy7rJYea14IOIp2kPUn8dO7-_l-49WAQu8m_oHNQNwRNNC6Te09mJz11ar3oAEe3zt8SN4fxsgJWFTxvz4loVsZyVCQ7BGcW5ITNkMApBu4qOYFRrz/s1600/Bertrand+Russell+-++Icaro+3+JPG.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwk6sgQrzfcUVaY7WbuCUDF_9Zinzy7rJYea14IOIp2kPUn8dO7-_l-49WAQu8m_oHNQNwRNNC6Te09mJz11ar3oAEe3zt8SN4fxsgJWFTxvz4loVsZyVCQ7BGcW5ITNkMApBu4qOYFRrz/s400/Bertrand+Russell+-++Icaro+3+JPG.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Como consecuencia del aumento de organización en el mundo moderno, resultan absolutamente inaplicables los ideales del liberalismo. Desde Montesquieu al Presidente Wilson, suponía el liberalismo que existía un número de individuos o grupos que entre sí no presentaban diferencias tan importantes como para que estuvieran dispuestos a morir antes que Regar a algún acuerdo. Lo que se suponía es que iba a haber una libre competencia, tanto entre los individuos como entre las ideas. Sin embargo, la experiencia ha enseñado que el sistema económico existente es incompatible con toda forma de libre competencia, excepto cuando se trata de Estados que compiten entre sí por medio de las armas. En lo que a mí respecta, mucho me agradaría preservar la libre competencia en el terreno de las ideas, por más que no entre grupos e individuos, pero eso es algo que sólo resulta posible si se echa mano de lo que un liberal clásico consideraría como interferencia a la libertad personal. Mientras las fuentes del poder económico permanezcan en manos de los particulares, no habrá libertad alguna excepto para los pocos que controlan esas fuentes.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5dBLtd51HpHrqJUKqrFCr_zh52HMb17QCJi0eXioNvVNoucrH8rxjQ5mlnLnYbXL_jLBp422te_Q8BvNjMe97cwws4qAttlDnbw-mUvVKw3amEhXiOWx4RGIfeh_aVQC6lL1Y0BXdeGNq/s1600/Bertrand+Russell+-++Icaro+4+JPG.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5dBLtd51HpHrqJUKqrFCr_zh52HMb17QCJi0eXioNvVNoucrH8rxjQ5mlnLnYbXL_jLBp422te_Q8BvNjMe97cwws4qAttlDnbw-mUvVKw3amEhXiOWx4RGIfeh_aVQC6lL1Y0BXdeGNq/s400/Bertrand+Russell+-++Icaro+4+JPG.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Aquellos ideales liberales del libre comercio, la prensa libre y la educación sin cortapisas, o bien pertenecen al pasado o lo harán en breve tiempo. En Inglaterra, uno de los triunfos del liberalismo clásico fue el establecimiento del control parlamentario sobre el ejército; tal fue el casus belli de la Guerra Civil , y es algo que quedó zanjado por la Revolución de 1688. Resultó efectivo mientras el Parlamento representaba a la misma clase de la que procedían los oficiales del ejército. Todavía sucedió así con el anterior Parlamento, pero bien puede dejar de funcionar con la llegada al poder de un gobierno laborista. Rusia, Hungría, Italia, España y Baviera han probado en fecha reciente cuán frágil puede resultar la democracia [9]; al este del Rhin, sólo permanece en regiones aisladas. Por consiguiente, ha de considerarse que ese control constitucional sobre las armas es otro principio liberal que rápidamente declina.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Parecería probable que en los próximos cincuenta años o menos veamos un aumento aún mayor del poder gubernamental, así como una tendencia a que los gobiernos sean quienes controlen a su antojo armas y materias primas. En los países occidentales todavía subsistirán formas democráticas, ya que quienes poseen el poder militar y económico pueden perfectamente controlar la educación y la prensa y, por lo tanto, asegurarse una democracia sumisa y complaciente. Es posible que los grupos económicos rivales sigan asociándose con las naciones rivales, de modo tal que puedan acicatear el nacionalismo para así reclutar mejor sus equipos de fútbol.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Existe, no obstante, un elemento esperanzador en semejante cuadro. El planeta es de dimensiones finitas, mientras que no dejan de crecer continuamente, a través de los nuevos descubrimientos científicos, las dimensiones de las organizaciones a fin de alcanzar su máxima eficiencia. Cada día se convierte más el mundo en una unidad económica. No pasará mucho tiempo antes de que estén dadas las condiciones técnicas para que se organice como un todo en una sola unidad de producción y consumo. Si para cuando tal suceda, dos grupos rivales se disputan el dominio del mundo [10], el vencedor podrá introducir esa única organización de alcance mundial de la que se precisa a fin de prevenir el mutuo exterminio de las naciones civilizadas. Al principio, el mundo que así resulte será muy diferente del que soñaron liberales y socialistas, pero conforme pase el tiempo ira pareciendo menos distinto. En una primera época, habrá una tiranía económica y política de los vencedores, acompañada de la amenaza de nuevas sublevaciones, y por consiguiente, de la drástica supresión de la libertad. Pero si se reprime con éxito la primera media docena de rebeliones, los derrotados abandonarán toda esperanza y aceptarán el puesto subordinado que les asignen los vencedores en la gran corporación mundial. Tan pronto como los que detenten el poder se sientan seguros, se tornarán menos tiránicos y enérgicos. Eliminados los motivos de rivalidad, no trabajarán con tanto ahínco como lo hacen ahora, por lo que dejarán de exigir que los subordinados trabajen hasta el agotamiento. Al principio, la vida puede ser bien desagradable, pero al menos será posible, lo que ya es bastante para avalar un sistema tras un largo período de guerras. Dada una organización estable económico-política y de alcance mundial, aun si al principio sólo se apoya en la fuerza armada, irán desapareciendo gradualmente los males que ahora amenazan a la civilización, llegando a ser posible el establecimiento de una democracia más acabada de la que ahora existe. Creo que, a causa de la locura humana, el gobierno mundial sólo podrá establecerse por la fuerza, por lo que en un primer tiempo será cruel y despótico. Pero creo también que se trata de algo necesario si se quiere preservar una civilización de tipo científico; una vez logrado lo cual, se dará gradualmente paso a las restantes condiciones que hacen tolerable la existencia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>IV. Ciencias antropológicas</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Algo queda por decir de los efectos que tendrán en el futuro las ciencias antropológicas. Trátase de un tema conjetural en extremo, desde el momento en que ignoramos los descubrimientos que puedan hacerse; puede que los efectos sean superiores a los que estamos en capacidad de imaginar, ya que se trata de ciencias que aún se encuentran en su infancia. Presentaré, no obstante, un par de puntos desde los cuales pueda intentarse formular algunas conjeturas. En modo alguno pretendo aparecer como profetizando nada: me limito únicamente a sugerir posibilidades que podría resultar instructivo considerar.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El control de natalidad es un tema de la mayor importancia, sobre todo en lo que se relaciona con la posibilidad de un tipo de gobierno mundial, que difícilmente sería estable si unas naciones se dedican a aumentar su población más rápidamente que otras. En la actualidad, en todos los países civilizados se incrementa el control de natalidad, aunque algunos gobiernos se sigan oponiendo. Oposición que, en parte, débese a mera superstición y al afán de congraciarse con los votantes católicos, pero también al deseo de disponer de grandes ejércitos y de excedentes de mano de obra con el fin de poder mantener bajos los salarios. De todos modos, pese a la oposición oficial, parece probable que la práctica del control de natalidad nos conduzca a una población estacionaria en la mayoría de las naciones de raza blanca durante los próximos cincuenta años. Sin embargo, no existe ninguna seguridad de que se detenga el ritmo de crecimiento poblacional en ese nivel de estabilidad: pudiera suceder que comenzara a disminuir la población.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El que haya aumentado la práctica del control de natalidad es un excelente ejemplo de lo que deberá de ser el industrialismo, ya que viene a representar una victoria de las pasiones individuales sobre las colectivas. Desde un punto de vista colectivo, los franceses aspiran a que Francia esté densamente poblada para así poder derrotar a sus enemigos en una posible guerra. Pero, en tanto individuos desean tener familias reducidas, para que aumenten las herencias y disminuyan los gastos educacionales. Las aspiraciones individuales han terminado por triunfar sobre las colectivas y aun, en muchos casos, sobre los mismos escrúpulos religiosos. En éste, como en muchos otros casos, los deseos individuales le resultan menos perjudiciales al mundo que los colectivos: la persona que actúa movida por puro egoísmo causa menos daño que la que lo hace imbuida del «espíritu de servicio». Desde el momento en que la medicina y la salud han hecho descender la tasa de mortalidad infantil, las únicas amenazas al peligro de sobrepoblación que persisten (aparte del control de natalidad) son la guerra y el hambre. Mientras las cosas se mantengan así, el mundo tendrá que elegir entre contentarse con una población estable o acudir a la guerra a fin de producir el hambre general. Este último procedimiento, que es el que favorecen los opositores del control de natalidad, fue el adoptado a gran escala a partir de 1916; resulta, no obstante, algo exagerado.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Necesitamos un determinado número de cabezas de ganado vacuno y lanar y procedemos a tomar medidas que aseguren el número deseado. Si actuáramos con el ganado con la misma indiferencia con que actuamos con los seres humanos, produciríamos en demasía y luego dejaríamos que el excedente muriera de enfermedades y mala alimentación. No hay la menor duda de que los campesinos considerarían extravagante semejante política y que los humanitaristas la denunciarían por cruel. Pero cuando se trata de seres humanos, se los deja a su libre desarrollo, procediendo a hacer confiscar por la policía las obras que propongan lo contrario, sobre todo si lo hacen de manera inteligible para las personas afectadas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">No obstante, menester es admitir que existen riesgos. No ha de pasar mucho tiempo sin que la población comience realmente a disminuir. Es algo que ya ha empezado a suceder en los sectores más inteligentes de las naciones más avanzadas; la oposición oficial a la propaganda en favor del control de natalidad le proporciona una ventaja ideológica al cretinismo, puesto que es a los más estúpidos a los que los gobiernos logran mantener en la peor de las ignorancias. Antes de que transcurra mucho tiempo, el control de natalidad será práctica universal entre las poblaciones de raza blanca; no servirá para deteriorar su calidad, sino únicamente para disminuir el número, en un momento en que las razas sin civilizar siguen siendo harto prolíficas, además de verse preservadas de una elevada mortalidad por los beneficios que les aporta la ciencia de los blancos.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Semejante situación creará una tendencia -ya manifestada en Francia- a emplear cada vez más razas prolíficas como mercenarios. Los gobiernos se opondrán a que se divulgue el control de natalidad entre los africanos por miedo a perder sus fuentes de reclutamiento. El resultado se traducirá en una inmensa inferioridad numérica de los blancos que podría desembocar en su exterminio a consecuencia de alguna sublevación por parte de los mercenarios utilizados. Pero sí llegara a establecerse un gobierno mundial, éste se daría cuenta de cuán conveniente resulta lograr que las razas sometidas sean también menos prolíficas, con lo que se le permitiría a la humanidad resolver la cuestión poblacional. He ahí una razón más para desear el establecimiento de ese gobierno mundial.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Si pasamos de la cantidad a la calidad de la población, toparemos con la cuestión eugenética. Podríamos aceptar que, en la medida en que la gente se tome menos supersticiosa, los gobiernos adquirirán el derecho a esterilizar a quienes no se considere que son progenitores deseables. Semejante recurso sería utilizado, en primer lugar, para disminuir la imbecilidad, propósito de lo más laudable, aunque es probable que, con el tiempo, se confundiera la oposición al gobierno con la imbecilidad, con lo que se esterilizaría a cualquiera que se rebelara contra algo. En ese proceso de esterilización, se incluiría a los epilépticos, a los tuberculosos, a los dipsómanos y similares; a la postre, la tendencia sería a incluir a cualquiera que no aprobara los más elementales exámenes escolares. Como resultado, es evidente que se lograría aumentar el promedio de inteligencia que, a la larga, recibiría un fuerte impulso. Sólo que sería muy probable que el efecto sobre la verdadera inteligencia resultara catastrófico. Mr. Micawber, que fue el padre de Dickens, difícilmente hubiera sido considerado un progenitor conveniente. Ignoro cuántos imbéciles habría que tomar en cuenta para dar la medida de un Dickens.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Desde luego que, en un futuro más lejano, la eugenética ofrece posibilidades más ambiciosas. Podría estar dirigida no sólo a la eliminación de los tipos humanos indeseables, sino al incremento de los deseables. Habría que cambiar las reglas de moralidad a fin de permitir que un mismo hombre fuera progenitor de una vasta descendencia habida con diferentes madres. Cuando se enfrenten los científicos a semejante posibilidad, pudieran ser víctimas de una falacia muy corriente en otros campos y que consiste en creer que una reforma propuesta por científicos ha de ser por éstos a la medida de sus deseos. De forma semejante, las mujeres que propugnaron el voto para la mujer solían imaginar que las votantes femeninas del futuro se parecerían a las ardorosas feministas que conquistaron el derecho al voto; así como los dirigentes socialistas tienden a imaginar que un Estado socialista estaría administrado por reformadores idealistas similares a ellos. Por supuesto que se trata de espejismos: una vez lograda, cualquier reforma pasa a ser manejada por el ciudadano promedio. Por lo mismo, si acaso la eugenética alcanzare el nivel que le permitiera aumentar el tipo de hombre deseado, no serían los tipos que actualmente desean los genetistas los que aumentarían, sino más bien los tipos que deseasen los funcionarios promedio. De este modo, vendrían a ser progenitores de la mitad de' la siguiente generación los primeros ministros, los obispos y, en general, todos aquellos a los que el Estado considera deseables. No me toca a mí pronunciarme acerca de si eso significaría una mejora, ya que no albergo la más mínima esperanza de llegar a obispo o primer ministro.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Si supiéramos lo bastante acerca de la herencia como para determinar, dentro de ciertos límites, el tipo de población que tendríamos, la cuestión quedaría desde luego, en manos de los funcionarios del Estado, que muy probablemente serían unos médicos viejos. No estoy nada seguro de que el resultado fuese preferible al obtenido por el procedimiento natural. Sospecho que se dedicarían a criar una población obsecuente, a gusto de los gobernantes, aunque incapaz de toda iniciativa. Por más que también pudiera ser que yo soy demasiado escéptico acerca de la inteligencia de los funcionarios.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Con el tiempo pudieran llegar a ser notables los efectos de la psicología en la vida diaria. Ya los publicistas americanos emplean a eminentes psicólogos para que les aleccionen en las técnicas de producir inclinaciones irracionales en la gente; pudieran esas mismas personas, una vez que alcancen eficacia suficiente, resultar muy útiles para persuadir a la democracia de que los gobiernos sucesivos son todos buenos y prudentes. Y además, por supuesto, están las pruebas psicológicas de inteligencia, tal y como se aplicaron a los reclutas del ejército norteamericano durante la pasada guerra. Soy muy escéptico acerca de la posibilidad de probar nada con tales métodos, a excepción de la inteligencia promedio, y aun así pienso que, si se adoptaran a gran escala, probablemente conducirían a clasificar como retrasados mentales a muchas personas de elevada capacidad artística. Igual sucedería con algunos de los grandes matemáticos. No es infrecuente que la gran especialización se acompañe de una incapacidad general, aspecto que no puede registrar el tipo de pruebas que recomiendan los psicólogos al gobierno americano.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Aun más sensacional que las pruebas de inteligencia viene a ser la posibilidad de controlar las emociones por medio de las secreciones de ciertas glándulas endocrinas. Será posible lograr que alguien sea colérico o tímido, potente o débil sexual, y así por el estilo, según se desee en cada caso. Parece que las diferencias de los estados emotivos débense ante todo a las secreciones de las glándulas endocrinas, por lo que resultarían controlables con inyecciones o mediante un aumento o disminución de esas secreciones. Supóngase que se trata de una sociedad organizada oligárquicamente: entonces, el Estado podría proporcionar a los descendientes de los que detentan el poder la capacidad exigida para el mando, mientras que los hijos de los proletarios sólo recibirían la capacidad exigida para obedecer [11]. De ese modo, la más elocuente de las oratorias socialistas resultaría impotente ante el poder de las inyecciones de los médicos oficiales. La única dificultad residiría en cómo lograr el espíritu de sumisión con la ferocidad necesaria que se habría de tener ante los enemigos de fuera. Pero no dudo de que la ciencia oficial encontraría la solución.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sin embargo, al considerar las diversas consecuencias políticas, no es necesario aceptar ciegamente la particular teoría de las glándulas endocrinas, la cual, como muchas otras, podría resultar un fiasco. Lo que sí resulta esencial para nuestra hipótesis es creer que con el tiempo la fisiología llegará a encontrar formas de controlar las emociones, algo que difícilmente puede ponerse en duda. Cuando eso suceda, tendremos las emociones que deseen los gobernantes, y el propósito principal de la educación primaria será el de producir la deseada disposición anímica, que ya no se obtendrá ni por castigos ni por la preceptiva moral, sino por el método mucho más seguro de las inyecciones o la dieta. Quienes administren un sistema así poseerán un poder tal como no lo soñaron en su día los jesuitas, aunque no hay ninguna razón para suponer que habrán de ser más juiciosos que quienes en la actualidad controlan la educación. El conocimiento tecnológico no garantiza discernimiento de ánimo, por lo que es muy probable que los gobernantes del futuro no sean menos estúpidos y menos prejuiciados que los de hoy día.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>V. Conclusión</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pudiera parecer lúgubre y a la vez frívolo en algunos de mis pronósticos. Concluiré, sin embargo, con la grave lección que me parece poder extraerse de todo esto.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Suelen pensar los humanos que el progreso científico tiene necesariamente que ser una bendición para la humanidad, pero mucho me temo que se trate de otra confortable ilusión del siglo XIX que nuestra época, bastante más realista, debería descartar. Sirve la ciencia para que los gobernantes lleven a cabo sus propósitos de manera más completa y cabal. Si esos propósitos fueran buenos, se obtendría, algún beneficio, pero si fueran perversos, estaríamos ante una amenaza. En la época actual, parece que los propósitos de quienes detentan el poder son fundamentalmente perversos, puesto que tienden en todo el mundo a eliminar aquello que hasta ahora la gente tenía por bueno. Por lo tanto, de momento, la ciencia es dañina por cuanto sirve para aumentar el poder de los gobernantes. La ciencia no reemplaza a la virtud; para una buena vida es tan necesario el corazón como la cabeza.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Si la conducta de los hombres fuera racional, esto es, si los hombres actuaran de modo tal que pudieran alcanzar los fines que se proponen, bastaría con la inteligencia para hacer de este mundo un paraíso. En general, lo que a la larga resulta ventajoso para unos es perjudicial para otros. Pero sucede que los hombres se mueven impulsados por pasiones que alteran su percepción de las cosas: si sienten el deseo de dañar a alguien, llegan a persuadirse de que redunda en su beneficio obrar de esa manera. Por consiguiente, no obran de modo tal que sus actos les resulten beneficiosos, a menos que lo hagan llevados de impulsos generosos que los tornan en indiferentes para con sus propios intereses. Por eso resulta ser el corazón tan importante como la cabeza. Por el momento, con lo de «corazón» me refiero a la suma total de impulsos bondadosos. Cuando tal sucede, la ciencia los convierte en efectivos, pero si están ausentes, la ciencia sólo sirve para que los hombres se comporten de manera ingeniosamente diabólica.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Con muy pocas excepciones, pudiera establecerse el principio general de que cuando la gente se equivoca en lo que les conviene, el camino que consideran acertado resulta ser más perjudicial para sus intereses que el que realmente lo es. Son innúmeros los ejemplos de quienes han hecho grandes fortunas sólo porque, a partir de supuestos morales, hicieron algo que creyeron contrario a sus mismos intereses. Por ejemplo, entre los primeros cuáqueros, había cierto número de comerciantes que adoptaron la práctica de no pedir por su mercancía más de lo que estaban dispuestos a aceptar, en lugar de regatear con el cliente, como es de uso general. Adoptaron aquella práctica porque creyeron que equivalía a mentir si pedían más de lo que necesitaban. Pero esto resultó tan ventajoso para los clientes que todo el mundo se precipitó a sus tiendas, con lo que terminaron por hacerse ricos. (He olvidado en dónde lo leí, pero si mi memoria no me engaña, trátase de una fuente confiable.) Obsérvese que pudiera haberse adoptado la misma filosofía de venta partiendo de la astucia, aunque el hecho es que ninguno de ellos era lo suficientemente astuto como para obrar así. Nuestro subconsciente es más malévolo de lo que seríamos si nos lo propusiéramos; por eso, la gente que más actúa en beneficio de sus intereses son en la práctica aquellos que, partiendo de consideraciones morales, hacen lo que creen que va en contra de esos mismos intereses.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Por la misma razón, es de suma importancia preguntarse si existe algún procedimiento para fortalecer los impulsos generosos que posee el ser humano. No me queda la menos duda de que su fuerza o su debilidad dependen de causas fisiológicas aún por descubrir; supongamos que se trata de las glándulas. De ser así, bien pudiera una sociedad secreta internacional de fisiólogos aportarnos el anhelado milenio mediante el rapto, en un solo día, de todos los gobernantes del globo, a los que se les inyectaría cierta sustancia que los colmaría de bondad y generosidad para con sus semejantes. De repente, Poincaré se abrazaría con los mineros del Ruhr, Lord Curzon lo haría con los nacionalistas hindúes, Smuts con los nativos de lo que fue el África Suroccidental ale mana y el gobierno norteamericano con sus prisioneros y víctimas políticas de Ellis Island [12]. Pero, desgraciadamente, primero deberían administrarse los fisiólogos ese filtro amoroso ellos mismos porque, si no, pudiera suceder que prefieran ganar fortunas y prebendas inyectando ferocidad militar a los pobres reclutas. Con lo que regresamos al viejo dilema: sólo la bondad puede salvar al mundo, y aunque supiéramos cómo producirla, no lo haríamos a no ser que ya fuéramos buenos. Al fallar eso, parece que la solución que los Houynhms adoptaron con los Yahoos, a saber, su exterminio, es la única que queda en pie; es obvio que ya los Yahoos comenzaron a aplicarla entre sí [13].</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Todo lo cual puede resumirse en muy pocas palabras. La ciencia no le ha proporcionado al hombre más autocontrol, más bondad o más dominio para abandonar sus pasiones a la hora de tener que tomar decisiones. Lo que ha hecho ha sido proporcionar a la sociedad más poder para complacerse en sus pasiones colectivas, pero, al hacerse más orgánica la sociedad, ha disminuido el papel que desempeñan en ella las pasiones individuales. Las pasiones colectivas de los hombres en su mayoría son malignas; con mucho, las más poderosas son el odio y la rivalidad con otros grupos humanos. Por lo tanto, todo cuanto en la actualidad le proporcione al hombre poder para complacerse en sus pasiones colectivas es perjudicial. Tal es la razón por la que la ciencia amenaza con causar la destrucción de nuestra civilización. La única esperanza firme parece residir en la posibilidad de la dominación mundial a manos de un conglomerado humano, por ejemplo, los Estados Unidos, dominación que llevaría a la formación gradual de un gobierno mundial económica y políticamente ordenado. Por más que, si se tiene presente la esterilidad en que cayó el Imperio Romano, sería preferible en definitiva el colapso de nuestra civilización.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Presentación y traducción de Juan Nuño</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Notas [de Juan Nuño]</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. <b><i><a href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/haldane/works/1920s/daedalus.htm" target="_blank">Daedalus, or Science and Future</a>,</i></b> Londres, Kegan Paul, 1923. Trátase de John Burdon <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Burdon_Sanderson_Haldane" target="_blank"><b>Sanderson Haldane (1892-1964),</b></a> geneticista. Aunque estudió humanidades en Oxford, terminó trabajando como bioquímico en Cambridge. Fue el primero en calcular, en 1932, la frecuencia de mutación de un gen humano. Famoso por sus experimentos (Asimov asegura que a veces de carácter terrorífico), incluso realizados sobre sí mismo: pasó cuarenta y ocho horas en un minisubmarino para probar si funcionaba determinado sistema de purificación; se sometió a grados extremos de temperatura y de concentración de dióxido de carbono. Comunista confeso desde 1930, y aunque más tarde abandonara el partido, siguió siendo marxista convencido. De ahí, probablemente, su tendencia a las visiones radiantes y optimistas sobre el futuro de la ciencia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. No es una frase hueca; téngase en cuenta que a sus cincuenta y dos años, ya Russell había pasado por procesos electorales (se seguía presentando, con constancia digna de mejores resultados, a la circunscripción de Chelsea), expulsiones, persecuciones y hasta la cárcel. Para no mencionar su frecuentación con los grandes políticos a consecuencia de sus relaciones familiares. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3. Agudeza y novedad de Bertrand Russell; la tendencia de la época era a clasificarlas en físicas o en biológicas, por cuanto operaban en forma prácticamente irreconciliable ambos intentos de reduccionismo. Es decir, o Mach (y luego, Círculo de Viena, que termina en el fisicalismo) o Bergson (y de ahí, Spengler, Ortega y cuanto vitalismo se le! ocurriera). Pero hay más: Russell acepta lo que muchos no aceptaban o ni siquiera tomaban en cuenta: la especificidad de las ciencias humanas. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4. No es exagerado decir que aquí Russell se adelanta a las tesis fundamentales de la sociobiología de Wilson, que subordinan el comportamiento colectivo y aun cultural de todos los seres vivos a las condiciones y propósitos genéticos de base. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5. Esto fue escrito quince años antes del inicio de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, que fue cuando en realidad se verificaron las proféticas palabras de Russell; durante la Primera Guerra Mudial, la población civil sólo sufrió las consabidas huidas y ocupaciones, pero los bombardeos masivos de la retaguardia civil tuvieron su comienzo trágico con Guernica, que apenas si fue un abreboca. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6. Aquí a quien se adelanta Russell en cuando menos veinticinco años es a Burnham, Mills et alia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">7. Quienes consideren démodé el planteamiento de Russell sólo porque las famosas «siete hermanas» hace mucho que se fusionaron en un cartel energético, deberían pensar en la lucha existente en este momento (1986) entre los productores de petróleo del mar del Norte y los de la OPEP. En efecto, como afirma allí Bertrand Russell, lo que está en juego no son únicamente los beneficios, sino ganarle al otro, aun sacrificando intereses y beneficios, y si fuera posible, destruirlo a la larga, esto es, sacarlo del mercado de petróleo. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">8. ¿Acaso no sigue siendo políticamente impotente la Organización de las Naciones Unidas como lo fuera en su día la Liga o Sociedad de las Naciones? Que se deba a lo que apunta Russell (carencia de unidad económica) es algo que estaría por ver. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">9. En todos los países citados por Russell habían ocurrido o movimientos revolucionarios (Rusia, Hungría, Baviera), seguidos de regímenes fuertes y represivos, o golpes de estado de la derecha (Mussolini, en Italia; Primo de Rivera, en España). En cuanto al juicio negativo «al este del Rhin», conviene tener presente que Russell estaba de vuelta de su decepcionante viaje a la Unión Soviética.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">10. Parece que aquí también vio justo. Por un lado, uniformidad comunista y control de producción; por otro, la reducción de las rivalidades políticas mundiales a dos grandes potencias. Y sólo dos, aunque no precisamente en lo económico, en la medida en que aún pueda hablarse de un Japón autónomo frente al Imperio USA. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">11. Es exactamente lo que aplicó Huxley en su Brave New World, menos de diez años después. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">12. Por supuesto que todos son ejemplos ceñidos a la época: el Presidente francés Raymond Poincaré se enfrentó en la inmediata postguerra a una oleada de huelgas mineras como consecuencia de la caída de la producción al finalizar el esfuerzo bélico. Georges Nathaniel Curzon había sido virrey de la India a comienzos de siglo y, para la época, era Ministro de Asuntos Exteriores de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda; era un viejo político conservador nada proclive a, conceder el más mínimo reclamo a los nacionalistas hindúes. En cuanto a Jan Smuts, era a la sazón Primer Ministro (más tarde, durante la Guerra , sería Presidente) de la Unión Sudafricana ; en su condición de tal, se empeñó en anexar a la Unión la hasta entonces colonia alemana del África sudoccidental (actual Namibia), que todavía sigue siendo objeto de disputa por el mismo motivo. En cuanto a los prisioneros «políticos» de Ellis Island, la célebre isla frente a Nueva York en la que el gobierno norteamericano internaba a inmigrantes ilegales y a deportados, conviene no olvidar que la política inmigratoria de los Estados Unidos ya había comenzado a declinar y que, en consecuencia, los primeros discriminados eran anarquistas y socialistas; faltaba poco para la monstruosidad del proceso a Sacco y Vanzetti.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">13. En su referencia a los célebres caballos humanizados de Swift, Bertrand Russell no es más mordaz que el autor de Viajes de Gulliver, limítase a registrar la ferocidad humana de los Yahoos contra sus propios semejantes. </span></div>
Filosofía en Costa Ricahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913529307278002591noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3899327006290566633.post-2129695471565768802015-08-17T23:24:00.000-06:002015-10-06T18:55:43.769-06:00José de San Martín: El cruce de Los Andes (Revolución: Película completa)<center><iframe width="550" height="400" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fT_WjgJ_-r0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></center>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Revolución: El cruce de los Andes</span></b> es una película argentina histórica-épica del 2010 dirigida por Leandro Ipiña y protagonizada por Rodrigo de la Serna, Juan Ciancio y León Dogodny. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El film relata la epopeya realizada por el General José de San Martín cuando cruzó la Cordillera de Los Andes con su ejército a mediados de 1817, y el combate que siguió después contra el Ejército Realista en América. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tuvo un preestreno en el año 2010, con motivo del bicentenario de Argentina, y con el título San Martín: El cruce de Los Andes.4 Fue lanzada oficialmente el 7 de abril de 2011. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El rodaje estuvo a cargo de Canal 7, el Canal Encuentro y el INCAA.
La historia sigue a un joven de 15 años llamado Manuel Corvalán, que decide abandonar a su familia de clase alta y ser desheredado por su padre para unirse al recién formado Ejército de los Andes, comandado por el General José de San Martín. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Corvalán es elegido como el encargado de redactar las cartas que San Martín envía al Director supremo de las Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata, Juan Martín de Pueyrredón, así como de llevar los planos del recorrido que el Ejército realizará a través de la Cordillera de Los Andes. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Corvalán acompaña a San Martín en el Cruce de los Andes y el posterior combate, el cual cambia su vida para siempre.
Al mismo tiempo, la historia sigue a San Martín en sus preparativos preliminares al Cruce y la batalla, y en sus instancias más privadas, ya sea cuando es atacado por el dolor de una úlcera o cuando habla con su esposa María de los Remedios de Escalada. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">La narración refleja sus pensamientos y sus dudas, así como su decisión inamovible de avanzar con todo lo que esté a su disposición contra los Realistas y su firmeza al buscar concretar no sólo la Independencia de Latinoamérica, sino además la unión de los pueblos que la componen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Secretos y enigmas de San Martín antes de convertirse en el Padre de la Patria</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>Antes de participar en los procesos independentistas de Argentina, Chile y Perú, su historia familiar y carrera militar generaron varias interrogantes</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El 6 de abril de 1775, el capitán español Don Juan de San Martín llegó con su familia al más grande de los pueblos de las antiguas y abandonadas Misiones Jesuíticas: Nuestra Señora de los Santos Reyes Magos de Yapeyú o Nuestra Señora de los Tres Reyes de Yapeyú. Ni bien arribó, asumió como teniente gobernador. Al poco tiempo, al recrudecer las hostilidades con los portugueses basados en Brasil, Don Juan debió salir de campaña, cruzando el río Uruguay, con la tropa disponible, a la que agregó un batallón de 500 indígenas. Desde el pueblo de San Borja dirigió operaciones defensivas contra los ataques lusitanos, aliados con los indios minuanes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">En febrero de 1776 nació su cuarto hijo, Justo Rufino, en Yapeyú. Firmada la paz con Portugal, puso a trabajar a sus milicias desocupadas en los hornos de tejas y ladrillos que había construido en Paysandú. Orgulloso, escribió a su superior: "Lo que tengo hecho en dos años, no lo habrían hecho los jesuitas en seis, aunque parezca mal que lo diga".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Es por esa época en que nació su quinto y último vástago, José Francisco. Es mayormente aceptado que nació el 25 de febrero de 1778. Los argumentos para esta precisión son dos. Primero, el fray dominico Reginaldo de la Cruz Saldaña Retamar había publicado el texto de la supuesta fe de bautismo del prócer con esa fecha en la revista Ensayos y Rumbos N° 9 (septiembre de 1921). En segundo término, tenemos la propia partida de defunción del Libertador, que da cuenta que, a su fallecimiento, el 17 de agosto de 1850, José de San Martín tenía "72 años, 5 meses y 23 días"; lo cual nos posiciona precisamente el 25 de febrero de 1778, fecha que fuera tomada por Bartolomé Mitre y la mayoría de los historiadores.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ahora bien, existen motivos para no estar tan seguros sobre esta fecha. En primer término, la fe de bautismo de José de San Martín nunca fue hallada, porque en 1817 las fuerzas portuguesas arrasaron con Yapeyú, su iglesia y registros parroquiales. En segundo lugar, la versión del fray Saldaña Retamar fue puesta en duda, habida cuenta de que nunca exhibió la fuente en la cual se basó para extraer la información arriba transcripta. En alguna oportunidad, el propio fraile confesó que la mentada partida no existía. Finalmente, esa partida habría sido supuestamente encontrada en los archivos de la Curia porteña. Se habría tratado, supuestamente, de una copia de los libros parroquiales de Yapeyú, que se conservaban en ese reservorio. Sin embargo, a raíz del famoso episodio de la "quema de iglesias" en Buenos Aires, ocurrido en el tumultuoso 16 de junio de 1955, este desgraciado hecho aparejó también la destrucción de gran parte de los archivos de la Iglesia. Con ello no se pudo jamás corroborar la veracidad de la supuesta acta, citada por fray Saldaña Retamar.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Por otro lado, muchas de las referencias posteriores a la edad del Libertador no coinciden en absoluto, con lo cual existen muchas dudas con respecto a su verdadera fecha de nacimiento. Hay antecedentes que nos indican que habría nacido en 1779: una foja de servicios de las armas hispanas, de 1804, consignaba su edad en 25 años; en una carta de 1843, el propio San Martín menciona tener "64 navidades". Otros nos dan a entender que habría nacido en 1780: otra foja de servicios del ejército español, datada en 1803, le atribuía la edad de 23 años. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los antecedentes retrotraen su natalicio a 1781. Otra foja de servicios de 1808, le daba 27 años; en razón de sus esponsales, en 1812 (recién llegado al Plata), él mismo había declarado tener 31 años; en su pasaporte de ingreso a Francia, en 1828, figuraba con 47 años; en 1834, al escribirle a su amigo Tomás Guido, le contaba que tenía 53 años. Por si esto fuera poco, el propio San Martín, en otra carta al mariscal peruano Ramón Castilla, de fecha 11 de Setiembre de 1848 dice tener "71 años"; con lo que debería haber nacido en 1777; tesis reforzada porque, al ingresar, como cadete, al Regimiento de Murcia, en julio de 1789, debió contar con, al menos, 12 años, según sostienen los historiadores españoles, ya que esa era la edad mínima exigida rigurosamente para alistarse, o bien al embarcarse en la fragata Santa Balbina, en 1783, se consignó que tenía 6 años.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Finalmente, Bartolomé Mitre arroja más confusión sobre el tema al referirse a la acción de Cancha Rayada, cuando expresa "la mañana del 16 de marzo, aniversario del natalicio de San Martín". Como sea que hubiere sido; lo cierto es que el Libertador debió nacer en algún momento entre 1777 y 1781 (en un amplio rango de 4 años, que es el período en el cual divergen las diversas fuentes al respecto).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Los San Martín dejan América</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Los San Martín partieron desde Yapeyú hacia Buenos Aires a principios de 1781, en donde permanecerían por dos años. Juan adquirió en la Capital dos propiedades: la "casa grande", ubicada sobre calle Piedras, entre Moreno y Av. Belgrano (donde pasó a vivir toda la familia), y la "casa chica" en Monserrat. Juan servía como habilitado del Regimiento de Voluntarios Españoles, hasta que, en 1783, se le ordenó retornar a España. Los siete miembros de la familia, más un criado, embarcaron en la fragata Santa Balbina, y al cabo de ciento ocho accidentados días de travesía, arribaron a Cádiz el 23 de marzo de 1784.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">De allí, Juan y su familia se trasladaron a Madrid, a la espera de un nuevo destino. La situación familiar se tornó desesperante, ya que Juan no percibía sus haberes desde hacía un año. Recién en julio empezaron a abonarle sus sueldos atrasados, lo cual se hacía con cuentagotas; pero no se le daba ningún destino. Juan reclamaba también, vanamente, el rango de teniente coronel, o que se le diera de nuevo destino en América, sin que nada se le contestara. Debió vender sus propiedades en Buenos Aires para hacer frente a sus penurias económicas y mantener a sus hijos.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Desesperado, en 1785, apelando a "las reales piedades de Su Majestad", en función de sus treinta y siete años de leales servicios "en destinos penosos y de mucha fatiga", solicitaba su retiro como teniente coronel, para poder avocarse a educar a sus "cinco hijos jóvenes, sin educación ni carrera". En respuesta, se le concedió el retiro, destinándoselo a Málaga, pero sin concederle ascenso alguno. Lo agregaban como capitán al Estado Mayor, con sueldo menor al de teniente.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fue allí que los San Martín alquilaron una vivienda en la calle Pozos Dulces por dos reales diarios. Allí el matrimonio pudo educar a sus hijos, ya que durante su estancia en Madrid (de alrededor de dos años) no habían podido mandarlos a ningún establecimiento educativo. En Málaga, los enviaron a la Escuela de las Temporalidades, donde se impartía educación básica y gratuita. Allí aprendería José a escribir (tendría una aceptable caligrafía, aunque una mala ortografía), los rudimentos matemáticos, destacaría en el dibujo y también en la guitarra, arte que perfeccionaría más adelante, con lecciones particulares del compositor Fernando Sors.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Aprovechó también Juan para mover sus influencias en el Ejército, para incorporar allí a sus hijos, como cadetes. Su persistencia empezó a dar frutos. En 1788 Manuel Tadeo y Juan Fermín Rafael fueron admitidos en el Regimiento de Infantería de Soria "El Sangriento", y partieron hacia Valencia, a asentarse allí.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Al día siguiente de una fecha mundialmente célebre, el 14 de julio de 1789, día de la toma de la Bastilla parisina; José Francisco era admitido como cadete en el Regimiento de Infantería de Murcia "El Leal", con asiento en Málaga. Es decir, en la misma ciudad donde ya vivía con sus padres. El 21 ingresaba al cuartel, y vestía, por vez primera, el uniforme blanco de cadete, con un cordón plateado, desde el hombro hasta el pecho.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sus primeros tiempos en el cuartel significaron entrenamiento físico, destreza con los armamentos y "academia", es decir, instrucción militar, empezando por las Ordenanzas de Carlos III, que regían el funcionamiento del Ejército Español. Luego vendrían las clases de matemáticas, fortificaciones, manejo de armas blancas y de fuego; con las correspondientes normas de aseo, higiene, limpieza del uniforme; así como también la dura disciplina que se impartía a los cadetes. De este modo empezaba a forjarse el temple del hombre que, en una cuestión de pocos años, liberaría a todo un subcontinente.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Por: Juan Pablo Bustos Thames, abogado e ingeniero, autor de diversos libros sobre historia argentina.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i><a href="http://www.infobae.com/2015/08/17/1748000-secretos-y-enigmas-san-martin-antes-convertirse-el-padre-la-patria" target="_blank">Secretos y enigmas de San Martín antes de convertirse en el Padre de la Patria. Infobae</a></i></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Granaderos. Cruece de los Andes</span></b><br />
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<li><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://filosofiacr.tumblr.com/post/126945267665/josedesanmartin" target="_blank">Un día como hoy muere José de San Martín</a></span></b></li>
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</div>Filosofía en Costa Ricahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913529307278002591noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3899327006290566633.post-57323038433672205842015-08-14T01:40:00.001-06:002015-09-24T09:01:01.856-06:00José Carlos Mariátegui: ¿Existe un pensamiento hispanoamericano? (+vídeo, +PDFs)<center>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Jose Pablo Feinman: José Carlos Mariátegui: regionalismo y centralismo</b>. Mariátegui, el pensador latinoamericano más importante que tuvo el marxismo, no adhería a las visiones de América Latina unida. Sostenía que cada país tenía que hacer su propio camino y trató de fomentar la experiencia socialista en el Perú.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9-NDyKN0nX3iLOQoTZi33rzgomVsdJ7oNtJpDQExLvZkOooLN_0GyPJK0nkSSuTA0qjX9JGSUeD0FMQu9MzmzqOFjF_Ocbqgp264l3f-aBR9NQJeKrdMt6ftMR8Q3WW4khqCyKfXv5-OM/s1600/amauta07.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9-NDyKN0nX3iLOQoTZi33rzgomVsdJ7oNtJpDQExLvZkOooLN_0GyPJK0nkSSuTA0qjX9JGSUeD0FMQu9MzmzqOFjF_Ocbqgp264l3f-aBR9NQJeKrdMt6ftMR8Q3WW4khqCyKfXv5-OM/s320/amauta07.jpg" width="262" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>¿Existe un pensamiento hispanoaméricano?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>José Carlos Mariátegui</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hace algunos meses, en un artículo sobre la idea de un congreso de intelectuales iberoamericanos, formulé esta interrogación. La idea del congreso ha hecho, en estos meses, mucho más camino. Aparece ahora como una idea que, vaga pero simultáneamente, latía en varios núcleos intelectuales de la <b><i>América Indoibera</i></b>, como una idea que germinaba al mismo tiempo en diversos centros nerviosos del continente. Esquemática y embrionaria todavía, empieza hoy a adquirir desarrollo y corporeidad.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">En Argentina, un grupo enérgico y volitivo se propone asumir la función de animarla y realizarla. La labor de este grupo tiende a eslabonarse con la de los demás grupos iberoamericanos afines. Circulan entre estos grupos algunos cuestionarios que plantean o insinúan los temas que debe discutir el congreso. El grupo argentino ha bosquejado el programa de una<b><i> “unión latinoamericana”.</i></b> Existen, en suma, los elementos preparatorios de un debate, en el discurso del cual se elaborarán y se precisarán los fines y las bases de este movimiento de coordinación o de organización del <b><i>pensamiento hispanoamericano </i></b>como, un poco abstractamente aún, suelen definirlo sus iniciadores.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>II</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Me parece, por ende, que es tiempo de considerar y esclarecer la cuestión planteada en mi mencionado artículo.<b><i> ¿Existe ya un pensamiento característicamente hispanoamericano? </i></b>Creo que, a este respecto, las afirmaciones de los autores de su organización van demasiado lejos. Ciertos conceptos de un mensaje de<b> Alfredo Palacios</b> a la juventud universitaria de Iberoamérica han inducido, a algunos temperamentos excesivos y tropicales, a una estimación exorbitante del valor y de la potencia del pensamiento hispanoamericano. El mensaje de Palacios, entusiasta y optimista en sus aserciones y en sus frases, como convenía a su carácter de arenga o de proclama, ha engendrado una serie de exageración. <b>Es indispensable, por ende, una rectificación de esos conceptos demasiado categóricos.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Nuestra América </b>–<i>escribe Palacios</i>- <b>hasta hoy ha vivido de Europa, teniéndola por guía. Su cultura la ha nutrido y orientado. Pero la última guerra ha hecho evidente lo que ya se adivinaba: que en el corazón de esa cultura iban los gérmenes de su propia disolución.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">No es posible sorprenderse de que estas frases hayan estimulado una interpretación equivocada de<b><i> la tesis sobre la decadencia de Occidente.</i></b> <b>Palacios parece anunciar una radical independización de nuestra América de la cultura europea.</b> El tiempo del verbo se presta al equívoco. El juicio del lector simplista deduce de la frase de Palacios que <b><i>“hasta ahora la cultura europea ha nutrido y orientado”</i></b> a América; pero desde hoy no la nutre ni orienta más. Resuelve, al menos, que desde hoy Europa ha perdido el derecho a la capacidad de influir espiritual e intelectualmente en nuestra joven América. Y este juicio se acentúa y se exacerba, inevitablemente, cuando, algunas líneas después, Palacios agrega que <b><i>“no nos sirven los caminos de Europa ni las viejas culturas”</i></b> y quiere que nos emancipemos del pasado y del ejemplo europeo.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Nuestra América</b>, <i>según Palacios,</i> <b>se siente en la inminencia de dar a luz una cultura nueva.</b> Extremando esta opinión o este augurio, la revista Valoraciones habla de que <b><i>“liquidemos cuentas con los tópicos al uso, expresiones agónicas del alma decrépita de Europa”</i></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>¿Debemos ver en este optimismo un signo y un dato del espíritu afirmativo y de la voluntad creadora de la nueva generación hispanoamericana? </b>Yo creo reconocer, ante todo, un rasgo de la vieja e incurable exaltación verbal de nuestra América. <b>La fe de América en su porvenir no necesita alimentarse de una artificiosa y retórica exageración de su presente</b>. Esta bien que América se crea predestinada a ser el hogar de la futura civilización. Está bien que diga: “Por mi raza hablará el espíritu”. Está bien que se considere elegida para enseñar al mundo una verdad nueva. <b>Pero no que se suponga en vísperas de reemplazar a Europa ni que declare ya fenecida y tramontada la hegemonía intelectual de la gente europea.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>La civilización occidental se encuentra en crisis; pero ningún indicio existe aún de que resulte próxima a caer en definitivo colapso.</b> <b>Europa no está, como absurdamente se dice, agotada y paralítica. A pesar de la guerra y la posguerra, conserva su poder de creación</b>. <b>Nuestra América continúa importando de Europa ideas, libros, máquinas, modas.<i> Lo que acaba, lo que declina, es el ciclo de la civilización capitalista. La nueva forma social, el nuevo orden político, se están plasmando en el seno de Europa. La teoría de la decadencia de Occidente, producto del laboratorio occidental, no prevé la muerte de Europa sino de la cultura que ahí tiene sede. </i></b>Esta cultura europea, que Spengler juzga en decadencia, sin pronosticarle por esto un deceso inmediato, sucedió a la cultura grecorromana, europea también. Nadie descarta, nadie excluye la posibilidad de que Europa renueve y se transforme una vez más. En el panorama histórico que nuestra mirada domina, Europa se presenta como el continente de las máximas palingenesias. Los mayores artistas, los mayores pensadores contemporáneos, ¿no son todavía europeos? Europa se nutre de la savia universal.<b> El pensamiento europeo se sumerge en los más lejanos misterios, en las más viejas civilizaciones. Pero esto mismo demuestra su posibilidad de convalecer y renacer.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>III</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tornemos a nuestra cuestión. <b><i>¿Existe un pensamiento característicamente hispanoamericano?</i></b> Me parece evidente la existencia de un pensamiento francés, de un pensamiento alemán, etcétera, en la cultura de occidente. <b><i>No me parece igualmente evidente, en el mismo sentido, la existencia de un pensamiento hispanoamericano</i></b>. <b>Todos los pensadores de nuestra América se han educado en una escuela europea</b>. No se siente en su obra el espíritu de la raza. <b>La producción intelectual del continente carece de rasgos propios. No tiene contornos originales.</b> <b>El pensamiento hispanoamericano no es generalmente sino una rapsodia compuesta con motivos y elementos del pensamiento europeo. Para comprobarlo basta revisar la obra de los más altos representantes de la inteligencia indoibera. </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>El espíritu hispanoamericano está en elaboración.</b> <b>El continente, la raza, están en formación también. </b>Los aluviones occidentales en los cuales se desarrollan los embriones de la cultura hispano o latinoamericana (en Argentina, en Uruguay, se puede hablar de latinidad), no han conseguido consustanciarse ni solidarizarse con el suelo sobre el cual la colonización de América los ha depositado.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>En gran parte de nuestra América constituyen un estrato superficial e independiente al cual no aflora el alma indígena, deprimida y huraña, a causa de la brutalidad de un conquista que en algunos pueblos hispanoamericanos no ha cambiado hasta ahora de métodos</b>. <i>Palacios dice:</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><b>Somos pueblos nacientes, libres de ligaduras y atavismos, con inmensas posibilidades y vastos horizontes ante nosotros. El cruzamiento de razas no ha dado un alma nueva. Dentro de nuestras fronteras acampa la humanidad. Nosotros y nuestros hijos somos síntesis de razas.</b></i></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>En Argentina es posible pensar así; en Perú y otros pueblos de Hispanoamérica, no. Aquí la síntesis no existe todavía. </i>Los elementos de la nacionalidad en elaboración no han podido aún fundirse o soldarse. La densa capa indígena se mantiene casi totalmente extraña al proceso de formación de esa peruanidad que suelen exaltar e inflar nuestros sediciosos nacionalistas, predicadores de un nacionalismo sin raíces en el suelo peruano, aprendido en los evangelios imperialistas de Europa, y que, como ya he tenido oportunidad de remarcar, es el sentimiento más extranjero y postizo que en Perú existe.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>IV</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El debate que comienza debe precisamente esclarecer todas estas cuestiones. No debe preferir la cómoda ficción de declararlas resueltas. La idea de un congreso de intelectuales iberoamericanos será válida y eficaz, ante todo, en la medida en que logre plantearlas. El valor de la idea está casi íntegramente en el debate que suscita.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>El programa de la sección argentina de la bosquejada unión latinoamericana, el cuestionario de la <i><u>r<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repertorio_Americano" target="_blank">evista Repertorio Americano de Costa Rica </a></u></i>y el cuestionario del grupo que aquí trabaja por el congreso, invitan a los intelectuales de nuestra América a meditar y opinar sobre muchos problemas fundamentales de este continente en formación</b>. El programa de la sección argentina tiene el tono de una declaración de principios. Resulta prematuro, indudablemente. <b>Por el momento, no se trata sino de trazar un plan de trabajo, un plan de discusión.</b> Pero en los trabajos de la sección argentina alienta un espíritu moderno y una voluntad renovadora. Este espíritu, esta voluntad, le confieren el derecho de dirigir el movimiento.<b> Porque el congreso, si no representa y organiza la nueva generación hispanoamericana, no representará ni organizará absolutamente nada.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>EL IBEROAMERICANISMO Y PANAMERICANISMO</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El iberoamericanismo reaparece, en forma esporádica, en los debates de España y de la América española. Es un ideal o un tema que, de vez en vez, ocupa el diálogo de los intelectuales del idioma (me parece que no se puede llamarlos, en verdad, los intelectuales de raza).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pero ahora, la discusión tiene más extensión y más intensidad. En la prensa de Madrid, los tópicos del <b>iberoamericanismo</b> adquieren, actualmente, un interés conspicuo. El movimiento de aproximación o de coordinación de las fuerzas intelectuales iberoamericanas, gestionado y propugnado por algunos núcleos de escritores de nuestra América, otorga en estos días, a esos tópicos, un valor concreto y relieve nuevo.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Esta vez la discusión repudia en muchos casos, ignora al menos en otros, el iberoamericanismo de protocolo (iberoamericanismo oficial de don Alfonso, que se encarna en la borbónica y decorativa estupidez de un infante, en la cortesana mediocridad de un <b>Francos Rodríguez</b>). El iberoamericanismo se desnuda, en el diálogo de los intelectuales libres de todo ornamento diplomático. Nos revela así su realidad como ideal de la mayoría de los representantes de la inteligencia y de la cultura de España y de la América indoibera.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>El panamericanismo,</b> <b>en tanto, no goza del favor de los intelectuales.</b> No cuenta, en esta abstracta e inorgánica categoría, con adhesiones estimables y sensibles. <b>Cuenta sólo con algunas simpatías larvadas</b>.<b> Su existencia es exclusivamente diplomática.</b> La más lerda perspicacia descubre fácilmente en el panamericanismo una túnica del imperialismo norteamericano. <b>El panamericanismo no se manifiesta como un ideal del continente; se manifiesta, más bien, inequívocamente,<i> como un ideal natural del imperio yanqui </i>(antes de una de una gran democracia, como les gusta calificarlos a sus apologistas de estas latitudes, Estados Unidos constituye un gran imperio). Pero, el panamericanismo ejerce –a pesar de todo esto, o mejor, precisamente por todo esto- una influencia vigorosa en la América indoibera. </b>La política norteamericana no se preocupa demasiado de hacer pasar como un ideal del continente el ideal del imperio. No le hace tampoco mucha falta el consenso de los intelectuales.<b> El panamericanismo borda su propaganda sobre una sólida malla de intereses. El capital yanqui invade la América indoibera. Las vías de tráfico comercial panamericano son las vías de esta expansión. La moneda, la técnica, las máquinas y las mercaderías norteamericanas predominan más cada día en la economía de las naciones del centro y sur.</b> Puede muy bien, pues, el imperio del norte sonreirse de una teórica independencia de la inteligencia y del espíritu de la América indoespañola. <b>Los intereses económicos y políticos le asegurarían, poco a poco, la adhesión, o al menos la sumisión, de la mayor parte de los intelectuales</b>. Entre tanto, le bastan para las paradas del panamericanismo los profesores y los funcionarios que consigue movilizarle la unión panamericana de Mr. Rowe.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>II</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Nada resulta más inútil, por tanto, que entretenerse en platónicas confrontaciones entre el ideal iberoamericano y el ideal panamericano.</b> De poco le sirve al iberoamericanismo el número y la calidad de las adhesiones intelectuales. De menos todavía le sirve la elocuencia de sus literatos.<b> Mientras el iberoamericanismo se apoya en los sentimientos y las tradiciones, el panamericanismo se apoya en los intereses y los negocios. La burguesía iberoamericana tiene mucho más que aprender en la escuela del nuevo imperio yanqui que en la escuela de la vieja nación española. El modelo yanqui, el estilo yanqui, se propagan en la América indoibérica, en tanto que la herencia española se consume y se pierde.</b> <b>El hacendado, el banquero, el rentista de la América española miran mucho más atentamente a Nueva York que a Madrid.</b> <b>El curso del dólar les interesa mil veces más que el pensamiento de Unamuno y que La Revista de Occidente de Ortega y Gasset. A esta gente que gobierna la economía y, por ende, la política de la América del centro y del sur, el ideal iberoamericanista le importa poquísimo. En el mejor de los casos se siente dispuesta a desposarlo juntamente con el ideal panamericanista. Los agentes viajeros del panamericanismo le parecen, por otra parte, más eficaces, aunque menos pintorescos, que los agentes viajeros –infantes académicos- del ibero-americanismo oficial, que es el único que un burgués prudente puede tomar en serio.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>III</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>La nueva generación hispanoamericana debe definir neta y exactamente el sentido de su oposición a Estados Unidos.</b> <b>Debe declararse adversaria del imperio de Dawes y de Morgan; no del pueblo ni del hombre norteamericanos.</b> La historia de la cultura norteamericana nos ofrece muchos nobles casos de independencia de la inteligencia y del espíritu.<b> Roosevelt</b> es el depositario del espíritu del imperio; pero<b> Thoreau </b>es el depositario del espíritu de la humanidad. <b>Henri Thoreau</b>, <b>que en esta época, recibe el homenaje de los revolucionarios de Europa, tiene derecho a la devoción de los revolucionarios de nuestra América. <i>¿Es culpa de Estados Unidos si los iberoamericanos conocemos más el pensamiento de Theodore Rooselvet que el de Henry Thoreau?</i></b> <b>Estados Unidos es ciertamente la patria de Pierpont Morgan y de Henri Ford; pero son también la patria de Ralph-Waldo Emerson, de Williams James y de Walt Withman.</b> <b>La nación que ha producido los más grandes capitanes del industrialismo, ha producido asimismo los más fuertes maestros del idealismo continental.</b> <b>Y hoy la misma inquietud que agita a la vanguardia de la América española mueve a la vanguardia de la América del Norte.</b> Los problemas de la nueva generación hispanoamericana son, con variación de lugar y de matiz, los mismos problemas de la nueva generación norteamericana. <b>Waldo Frank, uno de los hombres nuevos del norte, en sus estudios sobre nuestra América, dice cosas válidas para la gente de su América y de la nuestra.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Los hombres nuevos de la América indoibérica pueden y deben entenderse con los hombres nuevos de la América de Waldo Frank.</b> <b>El trabajo de la nueva generación iberoamericana puede y debe articularse y solidarizarse con el trabajo de la nueva generación yanqui. Ambas generaciones coinciden. Los diferencia el idioma y la raza; pero los comunica y los mancomuna la misma emoción histórica. La América de Waldo Frank es también, como nuestra América, adversaria del imperio de Pierpont Morgan y del petróleo.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>En cambio, la misma emoción histórica que nos acerca a esta América revolucionaria nos separa de la España reaccionaria de los Borbones y de Primo de Rivera.</b> <b><i>¿Qué puede enseñarnos la España de Vázquez de Mella y de Maura, la España de Pradera y de Francos Rodríguez? </i>Nada</b>; ni siquiera el método de un gran Estado industrialista y capitalista. <b>Las civilización de la potencia no tiene su sede en Madrid ni en Barcelona; la tiene en Nueva Cork, en Londres, en Berlín. La España de los Reyes Católicos no nos interesa absolutamente. Señor Pradera, señor Francos Rodríguez, quedaos íntegramente con ella.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>José Carlos Mariátegui La Chira</b> (Moquegua, 14 de junio de 1894 - Lima, 16 de abril de 1930), fue un escritor, periodista, y pensador político marxista peruano. Autor prolífico a pesar de su temprana muerte, El Amauta (del quechua: hamawt'a, 'maestro', nombre con el que también es conocido en su país) es uno de los principales estudiosos del marxismo en Iberoamérica, destacando entre todos sus libros los 7 ensayos de Interpretación de la Realidad Peruana, obra de referencia para la intelectualidad del continente.1 Fue el fundador del Partido Socialista Peruano en 1928 (que tras su muerte pasaría a denominarse Partido Comunista Peruano, a instancias de la III Internacional, y por obra de Eudocio Ravines, que ejercía entonces la secretaría general del partido), fuerza política que, según su acta de fundación, tendría como herramienta axial al Marxismo-Leninismo, y de la Confederación General de Trabajadores del Perú, en 1929.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Para el sociólogo y filósofo Michael Löwy, Mariátegui es "indudablemente el pensador marxista más vigoroso y original que América Latina haya conocido”. En la misma línea, José Pablo Feinmann, filósofo y crítico cultural argentino, lo declara el "más grande filósofo marxista de Latinoamérica".</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Obras de José Carlos Mariátegui (PDFs descargbles):</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #f9cb9c;"><b><br /></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Jos%C3%A9%20Carlos%20Mariategui/Mari%C3%A1tegui%2C%20J.%20C.%20-%20Siete%20ensayos--de%20la%20realidad%20peruana%20%5B1928%5D%20%5Bed.%20Ayacucho%5D.pdf" target="_blank">José Carlos Mariategui: Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana</a></span></b></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #f9cb9c;">*<a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Jos%C3%A9%20Carlos%20Mariategui/Mari%C3%A1tegui%2C%20J.%20C.%20-%20Invitaci%C3%B3n%20a%20la%20vida%20heroica.%20Antolog%C3%ADa%20(1911-1930)%20%5B1989%5D.pdf" target="_blank"> José Carlos Mariátegui: Invitación a la vida heroica. Antología (1911-1930) [1989]</a></span></b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #f9cb9c;">* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Jos%C3%A9%20Carlos%20Mariategui/Mari%C3%A1tegui%2C%20J.%20C.%20-%20Defensa%20del%20marxismo%20%5B1930%5D.pdf" target="_blank">José Carlos Mariátegui- Defensa del marxismo [1930]</a></span></b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #f9cb9c;">* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Jos%C3%A9%20Carlos%20Mariategui/Mari%C3%A1tegui%2C%20J.%20C.%20-%20Literatura%20y%20est%C3%A9tica.pdf" target="_blank">José Carlos Mariátegui: Literatura y estética</a></span></b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #f9cb9c;">*<a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Jos%C3%A9%20Carlos%20Mariategui/Jos%C3%A9%20Carlos%20Mari%C3%A1tegui--Las-reivindicaciones-feministas-corregido.pdf" target="_blank">José Carlos Mariátegui: Las-reivindicaciones-feministas-corregido</a></span></b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #f9cb9c;">* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Jos%C3%A9%20Carlos%20Mariategui/Mari%C3%A1tegui%2C%20J.%20C.%20-%20Obras%20completas%20%5Btomo%20I%5D.pdf" target="_blank">José Carlos Mariátegui: Obras completas [tomo I]</a></span></b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #f9cb9c;">* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Jos%C3%A9%20Carlos%20Mariategui/Mari%C3%A1tegui%2C%20J.%20C.%20-%20Obras%20completas%20%5Btomo%20II%5D.pdf" target="_blank">José Carlos Mariátegui: Obras completas [tomo II]</a></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Ver también: </b></span><br />
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<li><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://filosofiacr.blogspot.com/2012/10/filosofia-latinoamericana-filosofia.html" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Filosofía Latinoamericana (Descripción general, +vídeo, +PDFs descargables)</a></b></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://storify.com/filosofiacr/jose-carlos-mariategui-1895-1930#publicize" target="_blank">José Carlos Mariáteghi (Curado de recursos web, Storify)</a></span></b></li>
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Filosofía en Costa Ricahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913529307278002591noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3899327006290566633.post-36183467957407954032015-08-13T13:55:00.000-06:002015-08-14T02:33:12.599-06:00Filosofía latinoamericana (+Vídeos)<center>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Posibilidad de un pensamiento periférico. Un pensamiento situado. El centro saquea la periferia: 1492. El centro surge del saqueo de la periferia. Necesidad de un pensamiento universal anclado en la particularidad ontológica. Una ontología de la periferia: sus supuestos, sus fundamentos. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Lo global anclado en lo local: la glocalización. ¿Por qué elegir a Juan Facundo Quiroga? Preferencia por los tipos americanos, los hombres de vida azarosa. Biografías de Aldao y de Ángel Vicente Peñaloza. Análisis del Facundo. "On ne tue point les idées". La sombra de Facundo. La invocación. Rasgos de la campaña. El gaucho cantor. El gaucho malo. Vida de Juan Facundo Quiroga. Qué fue la Revolución de Mayo. </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #f6b26b; font-size: large;">La Filosofía Latinoamericana</span></b></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4uGa37svureGGSCe7s77wwQd9hH399MA-QqARHY_sda6bxZp4wf_IFdoRCg5Yivvki4jgxdHDrNSqhXcU9KaU9CAwNsqcH5OD8whNYcULFQrTogMv7Ay3S0mWbMJHIMAzVeMluowqSICC/s1600/Latinoamerica.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="325" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4uGa37svureGGSCe7s77wwQd9hH399MA-QqARHY_sda6bxZp4wf_IFdoRCg5Yivvki4jgxdHDrNSqhXcU9KaU9CAwNsqcH5OD8whNYcULFQrTogMv7Ay3S0mWbMJHIMAzVeMluowqSICC/s1600/Latinoamerica.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Establecer las características putativas de una filosofía latinoamericana, resulta tan complejo como establecer las características identitarias en su unidad y diversidad cultural de los pueblos latinoamericanos. La cultura latinoamericana, encuentra su unidad en una territorialidad, pueblos, historia y lenguajes compartidos, con vínculos comunes y a la vez con particularidades únicas. La amplia extensión de sus territorios, desde el Río Bravo hasta la Patagonia, han sido el crisol en el cual se han forjado la diversidad de países y sus paisajes, sus naciones y sus pueblos, sus etnias y sus lenguas, a partir de los cuales, se han condicionado los derroteros históricos, con sus hazañas y tragedias, locales y subcontinentales. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Así las cosas, el quehacer filosófico latinoamericano se ha caracterizado por su subordinación histórica a diversos intereses religiosos y políticos, así como un marcado sentido de lo societal. No es simple</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> para los pensadores latinoamericanos independizarse tanto de la influencia colonial europea por una parte, como reconocer como propios, otros ámbitos pertinentes del pensamiento local, pre y postcolombinos. Resulta todo un reto latinoamericanista, hacer emerger de todo ello, los márgenes una <b><i>ontologicidad marginal-periférica</i></b>, <b>con características propias, con atributos diferenciantes, deconstruyendo los basamentos gnoseológico-conceptuales heredados.</b> Requiere apelar a nuevas herramientas <i><b>gnoseológico-epistémicas</b></i> y <i><b>metodéuticas</b></i> con los cuales aproximarse al <i><b>"ontos" latinoamericano. </b></i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">La filosofía latinoamericana busca descubrir su fundamento ontológico situado, es decir, encontrar una visión de mundo unificadora, con orígenes y fines comunes, en el contexto de las diferencias situacionales regionales y los diversos procesos históricos involucrados. Sólo así es posible establecer su estatus ontológico como punto de partida, así como sus propias herramientas gnoseológicas, diferentes y diferenciadoras de otros estilos filosóficos. Descubriendo sus raíces, su forma de ser y saber, el paso siguiente, es encontrar el poder del "hacer" transformador de su propia realidad. <b>Reconocer las características identitarias de la filosofía latinoamericana, es encontrar sus propias coordenadas, su: <ser hacer="" saber="">, coordenadas situadas geográficamente, complejas conceptualmente y en permanente cambio, es decir, dinámicas.</ser></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i> "ontos" latinoamericano</i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> hunde sus raíces en la abundancia de recursos de sus territorios, en la plurarildad y diversidad de etnias, lenguas y visiones de mundo de los pueblos originarios, en las luchas sangrientas entre<b><i> los pueblos nativos y de estos contra otra plétora diversa de invasores europeos, dispuestos a imponer sus visiones de mundo, sus lenguas y sus linajes étnicos, por encima de los locales</i></b>. En la esclavización de millones de seres humanos,<b><i> en la aculturación nativa y la in-culturación europeizante forzada. </i></b>En la instauración de <b><i>sistemas mercantilistas y capitalistas,</i></b> que llevan a explotación de los recursos naturales y de millones de <b><i>seres humanos convertidos en meras mercancías, masivamente pauperizados y excluidos de la abundancia y la riqueza, concentrada en pequeños grupos de conquistadores y colonos primero, y posteriormente, de nuevas plutocracias dominantes</i></b> <b><i>autóctonas</i></b>, tras los movimiento independentistas; que a su vez, fuerzan la dispersión territorial latinoamericana en múltiples naciones, orientados más que por los intereses regionales o poblacionales, por sus propios intereses de clase y en colusión con otras potencias neo-colonizadoras. </span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ese "<i>ontos</i>" latinoamericano, tiene entonces, características únicas, en su unidad y sus diferencias, y es por ello que requiere su develamiento ontológico, des-ocultándolo, por medio de un ensamblaje gnoselógico-categorial robusto y novedoso; y con el cual reconocer sus particularidades, comprender sus individualidades, y explicar la condiciones de posibilidad de su integralidad. Sólo a partir de ello, será posible ensamblar una adecuada praxiología o teoría de la acción, que fije los derroteros a seguir, para realizar transformaciones societales, nacionales y subcontinentales, pertinentes y relevantes; guiadas por una teoría ética liberadora, que asuma las exigencias por la autenticidad moral, cultural y civilizatoria de ese "<i>ontos</i>" latinoamericano. </b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqpLuTyffZ_yuVnOTxEBMn96Gigc55qu-P11h4tYjt-Vv7NDAYwMMl1k9CaDsOJv2ElzJlFTbV_R97Jj5wIj20Jf1aPtLefeaAdURWNZbb-9Wgdb93emZHAWLlPPs2aqLAsghsXk9R-GBd/s1600/Eduardo+Galeano+La+Historia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqpLuTyffZ_yuVnOTxEBMn96Gigc55qu-P11h4tYjt-Vv7NDAYwMMl1k9CaDsOJv2ElzJlFTbV_R97Jj5wIj20Jf1aPtLefeaAdURWNZbb-9Wgdb93emZHAWLlPPs2aqLAsghsXk9R-GBd/s1600/Eduardo+Galeano+La+Historia.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #f6b26b;">UNA APROXIMACIÓN GENÉTICA A LA FILOSOFÍA LATINOAMERICANA</span></b></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Partiendo del entendimiento que Latinoamérica constituye una unidad histórico - social. Es posible plantearse el problema en torno al proceso de desarrollo del pensamiento filosófico en esta parte del mundo. Así como el torno a su autenticidad.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Por demás, la filosofía encuentra condicionantes en su quehacer, en última instancia de la estructura económico-social y en la medida que Latinoamérica comparte el mismo proceso de evolución estructural partir de la invasión española y portuguesa en el siglo XV - XVI, considerando además las peculiaridades nacionales. Por ello, es pertinente analizar el transcurrir de las ideas filosóficas y su relación dialéctica con los proceso económicos involucrados en los progresivos estados de dependencia y dominación desde la conquista hasta nuestros días.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJWOxxWF-dieYDX4dXZajm1E9kAxlbMBWo19qw24FobhNcmKP_1CYJSHlhiTakdbRH7uPpXQdRoxabxqktajgYCu2scle6mrFu8GD5WvD7alCjivsG5gabnNU6fVrxZoLPeA-bGi4FS_ST/s1600/Eduardo+Galeano+La+Tierra+versus+la+Biblia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJWOxxWF-dieYDX4dXZajm1E9kAxlbMBWo19qw24FobhNcmKP_1CYJSHlhiTakdbRH7uPpXQdRoxabxqktajgYCu2scle6mrFu8GD5WvD7alCjivsG5gabnNU6fVrxZoLPeA-bGi4FS_ST/s1600/Eduardo+Galeano+La+Tierra+versus+la+Biblia.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">GÉNESIS Y DESARROLLO DEL PENSAMIENTO FILOSÓFICO LATINOAMERICANO</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #f6b26b;"><b>¿Existió un pensamiento filosófico precolombino?</b>.
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<span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Miguel León Portilla(México)</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Autores como <b>Miguel León-Portilla </b>afirman que los <b>náhuatl,</b> de la actual Centroamérica, desarrollaron un proceso de racionalización de sus mitos y creencias, en realidad corresponde más bien a formas de pensamiento tradicional y tienen el carácter de concepciones del mundo mítico-religiosas. En su tesis doctoral, ampliamente publicada y traducida: <b><i>"La filosofía nahuatl estudiada en sus fuentes"</i></b> (1956), explica que, si bien los aztecas no tenían filosofía como tal desde el punto de vista moderno, sus <i>tlamatinimê </i>procuraban entender el mundo, haciendo preguntas e indagando al respecto. León-Portilla declara que lo que los europeos entendieron como dioses los aztecas lo percibían como diferentes manifestaciones del dios dual <i>Ometeotl / Omecihuatl</i> (Nuestro señor /Nuestra señora de la dualidad). Esta tesis la amplió en: "<i><b>Pensamiento y cultura azteca: estudio de la mente antigua náhuatl</b></i>".</span></div>
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<span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Günter Rodolfo Kusch (Argentina)</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Por su parte, el argentino, <b>Günter Rodolfo Kusch</b>, por medio de sus obras, producto de sus investigaciones sobre el pensamiento indígena y popular latinoamericano, amalgama un programa de investigación sobre las formas de pensamiento autóctonas al continente americano, como lo evidencia en su obra: <b><i>América Profunda</i></b>, en la cual busca encontrar el sentido en el mundo precolombino y en el americano actual. Es decir, para Kusch, el encuentro con lo americano, subsume al indígena y al mestizo, también al hombre de la ciudad o del campo, autores del discurso popular, a partir de lo cual surge una filosofía. </span>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><b><span style="color: #f6b26b; font-size: large;">PERIODO ESCOLÁSTICO (XVI - XVIII)</span></b></b></span>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Se importa con la conquista en el siglo XVI. El pensamiento escolástico se constituyó en el alma intelectual de los conquistadores. Recordemos que el aristotelismo cristiano principalmente de <b>Tomás de Aquino</b> es la concepción teológico - filosófica predominante. El escolasticismo llega tardíamente en América. Llega cuando en Europa son predominantes las ideas típicas del pensamiento moderno, corno expresión de la naciente burguesía, en el marco de la primera fase del desarrollo capitalista. Por ello el pensamiento escolástico en América es un pensamiento conservador y anti moderno. Las ideas humanistas de <b>Erasmo, Vives y Suárez,</b> por ejemplo, aunque estuvieron presentes, no llegaron a ser dominantes.</span>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp_rbbo-Qiqo3ZMJtv-WvKUcJrMGOIsbkw5xOdKrsAGDNRjN-fQSLqOifdQ6SDnFbst1402Q3oBbWv9qS1LuxRHOml-7yn5HPnC2Qe8Zk9BfGOuwzB0nuQSSx4vKHbRXCxvaMJT6PHEUKf/s1600/Bartolom%C3%A9+de+las+Casas+y+Gin%C3%A9s+de+Sep%C3%BAlveda+800+X+600.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp_rbbo-Qiqo3ZMJtv-WvKUcJrMGOIsbkw5xOdKrsAGDNRjN-fQSLqOifdQ6SDnFbst1402Q3oBbWv9qS1LuxRHOml-7yn5HPnC2Qe8Zk9BfGOuwzB0nuQSSx4vKHbRXCxvaMJT6PHEUKf/s1600/Bartolom%C3%A9+de+las+Casas+y+Gin%C3%A9s+de+Sep%C3%BAlveda+800+X+600.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El aporte más valioso que tuvo este escolasticismo, sin embargo, fue el planteamiento de temas americanos tales como el problema en torno a la humanidad del indio (recordemos la polémica entre <b>Bartolomé de las Casas y Ginés de Sepúlveda</b>), las discusiones en relación al derecho de hacer la guerra a los nativos y el derecho de dominarlos. Es evidente que el abordaje de la problemática americana se inicia entonces con estos temas, pero es igualmente evidente que se hacen desde la perspectiva del dominador. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Representantes: </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Antonio Rubio (México), Diego de Avendaño (Perú), Alfonso de Briceño (Chile).</b><br />
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<span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>ILUSTRACIÓN (1790 - 1824)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Corresponde al proceso de independencia latinoamericana que se inicia con la <b>independencia de Haití el año 1790</b> <b>y culmina en 1824 con la batalla de Ayacucho</b> y la rendición del último de los ejércitos realistas españoles (aunque algunos países alcanzarán con posterioridad su independencia).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A nivel ideológico, se corresponde (siempre tardíamente) con el período de la Ilustración europea que antecedió a <b>la revolución francesa de 1789</b> y con efectos similares a nivel político. Entendamos que todas estas importantes transformaciones se enmarcan en el ciclo de las revoluciones burguesas que caracterizan a la época moderna. En el plano económico, se producen cambios significativos tales como la aplicación por parte de España de medidas económicas liberalizantes. Por otro lado se agudizan las contradicciones entre las instituciones de la colonia y la metrópoli. En América Latina la casta superior de los latifundistas, jefes militares, clero e intelectuales criollos en defensa de sus creencias privilegios fue sensible a las nuevas ideas de la burguesía revolucionaria inglesa y francesa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Autores europeos cuya difusión en América Latina (pese a las prohibiciones) tuvo efectos revolucionarios en el plano intelectual fueron: <b>Descartes, Leibniz, Galileo, Newton, Condillac, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Adam Smith,</b> entre otros. Se renuevan las instituciones educativas (surgen sociedades económicas, filantrópicas o de Amantes del país. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Se produce además un despertar de la conciencia crítica y un reconocimiento de la autonomía de la razón en la política y en la vida social. Surge también un brote de identidad nacional en latinoamericana.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Representantes: En el </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Perú: Hipólito Unanue, Baquíjano y Carrillo, Rodríguez de Mendoza; en México destaca Benito Díaz de Gamarra.</b></div>
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<span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>PERIODO ROMÁNTICO (1824 - 1870)</b></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Un primer periodo que se extiende desde la revolución independentista hasta aproximadamente 1870 y que coincide con el romanticismo europeo es el periodo que los historiadores de la filosofía latinoamericana coinciden en denominar periodo romántico.</span>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Estos primeros años de la </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">descolonización en América Latina</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> tiene características bien definidas:</span></div>
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<li><b>La Santa Alianza en Europa buscaba la recolonización. </b></li>
<li><b>Estados Unidos e Inglaterra procuran someter económicamente a Latinoamérica.</b></li>
<li><b>Existe debilidad de las nuevas estructuras administrativas y políticas.</b></li>
<li><b>Se manifiesta una clara incapacidad para mantener la unidad de los estados.</b></li>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">En América Latina, tras lo movimientos independentistas, fracasaron los intentos de constituir una federación (a modo de los EE.UU.) Tal vez el rasgo más distintivo en el plano político sea la anarquía manifestada en el caudillismo de jefes militares y latifundistas provinciales</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Inglaterra logra imponer una nueva forma de dominación: <b>el neocolonialismo.</b> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Aunque es Inglaterra la primera potencia económica de la época, el liderazgo cultural lo tiene Francia de la cual se importan <b>el romanticismo, el liberalismo, el sensualismo, el idealismo eclecticista, y el krausismo español.</b></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">En materia de filosofía la discusión gira en tomo a temas de filosofía política y se expresa en el debate entre la aptitud personal para el gobierno y no en la voluntad popular, no acatar este principio de autoridad es equivalente a un irreligiosidad declarada, plantean su escepticismo respecto a la democracia y su apego al caudillismo, su concepción de la historia es providencialista. Los liberales en cambio se apoyan en la filosofía empirista, sensualista (<b>Condillac</b>) y utilitarista (<b>Smith, Bentham</b>), inclinan su fe en los hombres y en los pueblos, defienden la soberanía popular, las libertades individuales y la igualdad de derechos de todos los ciudadanos; en materia económica manifiesta una actitud negativa al control estatal y los monopolios (que atentan contra las posibilidades igualitarias de desarrollo individual). Pese a ello, <b>el liberalismo en América Latina difiere del liberalismo europeo</b>; aquél es expresión de una clase capitalista intermedia, débil, incipiente, y no desvinculada de la propiedad latifundista a la que en la práctica no erradicó. <b>Se introducen también por esta época las ideas del socialismo utópico y del anarco sindicalismo. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Representantes:<b> José De la Cruz Caballero (Cuba), Andrés Bello (Venezuela), Juan Bautista Alberdi (Argentina), Bartolomé Herrera, Francisco de Paula González Vigil, los hermanos Gálvez (Perú).</b> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Las últimas décadas del siglo XIX, la intelectualidad latinoamericana comienza a orientarse fuertemente hacia otra doctrina europea, nacida en Francia por<b> Augusto Comte</b>., se trata del positivismo. También se acogen a las posturas del materialismo, <b><i>el experimentalismo, y el evolucionismo</i></b>. De los autores, el que ejerció mayor influencia en los intelectuales latinoamericanos fue <b>Herbert Spencer</b>. Particular importancia merece la aplicación de las ideas evolucionistas que Spencer asumió para explicar el desarrollo social, en términos de competencia, hegemonía del más apto, todo ello como sustento ideológico - filosófico del dominio que ejerce la burguesía en la sociedad capitalista.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Este periodo corresponde al establecimiento del </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">capitalismo financiero internacional</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. La </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">burguesía liberal</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> en Latinoamérica organiza definitivamente </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">los estados naciones</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> e inicia el </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">proceso de modernización</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (recuérdese la idea de progreso defendida por el positivismo). Se produce un relativo progreso económico de la región serán los únicos realmente beneficiados. Además</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> la tecnificación de las actividades agropecuarias coincide con la expropiación de tierras a los indígenas.</b><br />
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">La crisis del positivismo hispanoamericano se produce por la misma naturaleza de su heterogeneidad doctrinaria, la débil implantación de sus principios, la autocrítica de sus representantes y como efecto reflejo de los cambios en Europa.</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Se produce la crisis del capitalismo inglés: su posición de principal nación industrial indiscutida deja de ser tal. Se produce el ascenso de<b> Alemania, EE.UU y Japón</b>. <b>Las clases bajas y los intelectuales abrazan las ideas socialista (también las anarco sindicalistas) y forman el movimiento sindical.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Representantes: <b>José Ingenieros (Argentina), Manuel González Prada (Perú), Justo Sierra (México), Enrique José Varona (Cuba).</b></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">LOS FUNDADORES (GENERACIÓN DEL '98)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">En la primera década del siglo XX, aparecen, básicamente a nivel de magisterio, personalidades importantes que constituyen un movimiento filosófico universitario y que coinciden en su rechazo al positivismo adhiriéndose a las ideas espiritualistas, idealistas, metafísicas e intuicionistas de moda en Europa. La figura europea de mayor impacto en los intelectualistas, idealistas, metafísicas e intuicionistas de moda en Europa. La figura europea de mayor impacto en la intelectualidad latinoamericana es<b> Henri Bergson</b> (tal como lo fue Spencer en el periodo anterior). La significación de este movimiento radica en el hecho de haberle dado inicio a la actividad filosófica profesional, rigurosa, en América Latina. Antes de estos, fueron intelectuales, ensayistas, ideólogos, no exclusivamente dedicados al que hacer filosóficos, los que ocasionalmente y de forma no sistemática contribuyeron a la reflexión filosófica en nuestra región. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Francisco Miró Quesada</b>, caracteriza así este movimiento:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Constituye un primer brote de enseñanza filosófica sería. Su lectura de la filosofía europea se producía sin poderlo conectar con los fundamentos históricos que le daban plenitud de sentido. Solo hubo comprensión estructural y no comprensión de caladura. Su actitud hacia la filosofía europea de fascinación y reverencia. Su objetivo generacional fue difundida riqueza cultural europea en América Latina para contribuir a su enriquecimiento espiritual. En literatura, esta generación coincide, en <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arielismo" target="_blank">el arielismo</a> y, al igual que éste, tiene un trasfondo conservador, elitista y aristocrático. </i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Representantes: <b>Alejandro Korn (Argentina), Carlos Vaz Ferreyra (Uruguay), Enrique Molina (Chile), Alejandro Deustua (Perú), José Vasconcelos (México).</b></span></i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hacia 1885 aparece el movimiento obrero de inspiración socialista, el cual pide reducción de la jornada de trabajo y convenios colectivos. Muchos de ellos abrazan las ideas anarquistas de<b> Proudhon y Bakunin</b> teniendo como modelo el sindicalismo español. El anarquismo domina hasta algo después de <b>la revolución de Octubre de 1917.</b> Se produce la revolución mexicana de 1910, además se dan las grandes revoluciones del siglo XX.</span></i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Por otro lado se produce el avance del <b>imperialismo norteamericano,</b> que desde décadas atrás tenía el control del Caribe. Después de la primera guerra mundial consolida su hegemonía en América Latina y en el mundo. La intervención norteamericana desata un movimiento nacionalista en toda América Latina. Es un movimiento nacionalista burgués formada por una élite ilustrada. La naciente clase media encuentra su expresión ideológica en el radicalismo mexicano, el aprismo peruano y otros movimientos más. Se enfrentan a la oligarquía liberal y sus aliados extranjeros y se alían con el sindicalismo.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Las ideas marxistas se introducen en América Latina en este contexto del surgimiento de movimientos sociales.</b> <b>Algunos autores señalan como un periodo especial de las ideas marxistas en A. L. los años comprendidos entre 1921 y 1935. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Los representantes de este periodo en América Latina son: <b>José Carlos Mariátegui (Perú), Aníbal Ponce (Argentina), Luis Emilio Recabarren (Chile) y Farabundo Martí (El Salvador).</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El Marxismo es una doctrina que ha tenido importantes repercusiones en la existencia política latinoamericana. En los años comprendidos entre 1959 y 1988 (periodo neo revolucionario) encontramos a otros importantes representantes:<b> Eli de Gortari (México), Adolfo Sánchez Vásquez (México), Bolívar Echeverría (México), Ludovico Silva (Venezuela), <a href="http://heliogallardo-americalatina.info/" target="_blank"> Helio Gallardo</a> (Costa Rica).</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>LOS FORJADORES</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Respecto a la generación de los fundadores, éstos constituyen básicamente sus discípulos. Prosiguen la labor iniciada por los fundadores en la medida que buscan una comprensión cabal de la filosofía europea. A ellos se les atribuye haber forjado el proyecto latinoamericano de filosofía auténtica.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Además se perciben ya la filosofía europea como algo acabado y perfecto sino como un proceso en permanente hacerse. Se concibe por ello el proyecto de participar de este proceso filosofando auténticamente.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Representantes: <b>Francisco Romero (Argentina), Samuel Ramos (México), Emilio Uribe (Uruguay). En el Perú: VA Belaúnde. F. García Calderón, Óscar Miró Quesada, etc.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #f9cb9c; font-size: large;"><b>LA TERCERA GENERACIÓN</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Llamada también la<b><i> generación técnica</i></b>. Dominan las lenguas muertas (griegas, latín) y las ciencias positivas. Este proceso de tecnificación se hacía con el objetivo de lograr un mayor adentramiento en<b><i> la conceptuación filosófica</i></b>. Como generación, asumen el proyecto de la generación anterior que han legado. Se inicia la discusión en tomo a ¿Qué es hacer filosofía auténtica? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Frente a esta interrogante surgen tres planteamientos:</b></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>LOS UNIVERSALISTAS</b></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Para esta línea de pensadores, la filosofía es una disciplina que apela a un saber universal, no regional. Así que existirían filósofos oriundos de América Latina, desarrollando diversas áreas generales de la Filosofía, sea ontología, gnoseología, praxiología, epistemología, lógica, ética, estética, etc., pero no una Filosofía Latinoamericana, per se, circunscrita a un territorio específico. Así las cosas, alejarse de los grandes problemas filosóficos, para filosofar sobre los problemas regionales de América Latina, conlleva a obras de carácter no filosófico y más bien de carácter histórico, antropológico o sociológico. Su meta por tanto es la práctica de un tipo de <b>filosofía pura o general, ya sea sobre economía política marxista o postmarxista, de alguna variante de la fenomenología o algún tipo filosofía analítica. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"><b>Representantes: </b></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"><a href="http://grupobunge.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">Mario Bunge</a>(Argentina/Canadá), <a href="http://www.mcn.uni-muenchen.de/members/former/moulines/index.html" target="_blank">Carlos Ulises Moulines</a>(Venezuela/Alemania), <a href="http://filosofiacr.blogspot.com/2014/05/hector-neri-castaneda-vida-pensamiento.html" target="_blank">Héctor-Neri Castañeda</a>(Guatemala/EE.UU), <a href="http://www.essex.ac.uk/news/event.aspx?e_id=6453" target="_blank">Ernesto Laclau</a> (Argentina, Gran Bretaña), <a href="http://www.ecovisiones.cl/metavisiones/Pensadores/MaturanaBio.htm" target="_blank">Humberto Maturana</a>(Chile), <a href="http://cienciascognoscitivascr.blogspot.com/p/francisco-varela-neurofenomenologia.html" target="_blank">Francisco Varela</a>(Chile / Francia), <a href="http://books.google.co.cr/books?id=hV35XvRAhvgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Claudio+Guti%C3%A9rrez%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=oCeFU4jYGMel8QGOx4Aw&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Claudio Gutiérrez (Costa Rica),</a> <a href="https://una-cr.academia.edu/MaxFreund" target="_blank">Max Freund</a> (Costa Rica), <a href="http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=xSlT2vsAAAAJ" target="_blank">Newton da Costa</a> (Brasil). </b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">LOS REGIONALISTAS</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;">Entienden por autenticidad no filosofar a la europea s<b><i>ino plantean la posibilidad de un filosofar diferente.</i></b> Abordan temas referidos a realidades históricas e interpretaciones regionales: sólo la meditación de nuestra propia realidad puede producir autenticidad filosófica.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Asumem postulados del historicismo de <b>Ortega y Gasset</b> y del existencialismo sartreano. Según <b><i>el historicismo no existe una filosofía que sea mejor que otra. </i></b>Toda filosofía es relativa a su circunstancia histórica, por lo tanto no se puede asumir como ideal una filosofía que se ha desarrollado en una circunstancia distinta a la nuestra. Según <b>Leopoldo Zea</b>, la filosofía es auténtica en la medida que se vuelve sobre su circunstancia histórico - social y plantea alternativas de solución.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Representante: <b>Leopoldo Zea.</b></span></div>
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<li style="text-align: left;"><b>EL FUTURISMO</b></li>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Para<b> A. Salazar Bondy </b>en tanto<b> América Latina</b> es una región dependiente y dominada, su filosofía y todos sus productos culturales serán necesariamente inauténticos, alienados, carentes de originalidad. <b><i>Por tanto está imposibilitada de dar "aportes novedosos" a la cultura universal. </i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">La filosofía latinoamericana ganará positividad o autenticidad tras la erradicación del subdesarrollo, es decir tras el cambio. <b><i>La filosofía en la actualidad debe constituirse en un procedimiento que cumpla una función liberadora.</i></b> Su filosofía por ello no sólo es crítica sino además prospectiva.</span></div>
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<li><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">LA FILOSOFÍA DE LA LIBERACIÓN</b></li>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Surge a partir de las influencias básicamente de los regionalistas, de Salazar Bondy, la teoría de la dependencia y la teología de la liberación. </b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Sus principales características son:</span></div>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Pretende elaborar una filosofía auténtica. </b></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Plantea la necesidad de destruir la situación de dependencia de América Latina. </b></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Sostiene que existe una filosofía justificatoria de la dependencia. </b></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Se necesita de otra que haga explícitas las necesidades de las grandes mayorías oprimidas de' América Latina.</b></li>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Algunos de sus principales exponentes son <b>Raúl Fornet-Betancourt </b>y <b>Enrique Dussel</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Raúl Fornet-Betancourt</b> de origen cubano-alemán, ha profundizado en diversos aspectos filosóficos y sociales del pensamiento de José Martí; también se ha dedicado al estudio de la historia de las ideas y al aporte específico de la mujer a la filosofía en América Latina. Ha dedicado también importantes esfuerzos a la construcción de una <b>Filosofía Intercultural</b>. En definitiva, sus trabajos han abierto nuevos caminos de comprensión a la problemática de la realidad latinoamericana.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Enrique Dussel, </b>de origen argentino, naturalizado mexicano, por medio de una vasta obra, se ha convertido en el arquitecto de la filosofía de la liberación. Dedicado a una exégesis precisa de la obra de K. H. Marx, re-interpretado en el contexto latinoamericano, le permite establecer con ella el andamiaje de la ética y filosofía de la liberación, asumiendo un rol paradigmático de la filosofía latinoamericana. </span><br />
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<li><b>LA FILOSOFÍA INCULTURADA</b></li>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Surge como desarrollo y crítica de la filosofía de la liberación latinoamericana. Su principal representante es el argentino <b>Juan Carlos Scannone</b>. Plantea que la filosofía de la liberación se centra en exceso, en <b><i>la oposición dependencia-liberación</i></b>. No considera lo positivo propio de América Latina. Se trata de hacer una filosofía a partir de la sabiduría popular. En estas propuestas el elemento básico no es el concepto sino el símbolo (como en los casos de narraciones populares, mitos, pensamiento religioso, etc.). Scannone, es ideólogo jesuita de la <b><a href="http://mercaba.org/FICHAS/Teologia_latina/perspectivas_eclesiologicas.htm" target="_blank"><i><span style="font-size: large;">Teología del Pueblo</span></i></a></b>, contra-propuesta conservadora a la Teología de la Liberación, pero asumiendo temas y consignas de la anterior. El actual <i><b>Papa Francisco</b>, es decir <b>Jorge Bergoglio</b>,</i> ha tenido como uno de sus principales inspiradores a Scannone. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSUKy2XeFPVwlL9rGLIXQ1EbTzWf2IpEr7WuCohE5e3bcdzhyphenhypheno082jG7PdxMxjxvsACgFqUR1Rq1nWOTowuaXwoMrVNqv4HZ4ebVRCgzWKC9nkCe71MBb73yDTQFX7rlMWhYXQwpVBEiaq/s1600/america-latina.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSUKy2XeFPVwlL9rGLIXQ1EbTzWf2IpEr7WuCohE5e3bcdzhyphenhypheno082jG7PdxMxjxvsACgFqUR1Rq1nWOTowuaXwoMrVNqv4HZ4ebVRCgzWKC9nkCe71MBb73yDTQFX7rlMWhYXQwpVBEiaq/s320/america-latina.png" /></a> </div>
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<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Referencias básicas (descargables)</b></span></li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwQuWzTrYlLfnWc0mec-lOebQxMLHATC0T7LUU28vwUGMbD66L-SkLq_2zvvBEgrCfcqSZSz_55Zw3qj9k1Yz_QMucjW1ZxUf9bih82UYtBvG_TNNHK8n6BPql3rJ-p-W6Vw2L0hBezVyT/s1600/La+b%25C3%25BAsqueda+perpetua.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwQuWzTrYlLfnWc0mec-lOebQxMLHATC0T7LUU28vwUGMbD66L-SkLq_2zvvBEgrCfcqSZSz_55Zw3qj9k1Yz_QMucjW1ZxUf9bih82UYtBvG_TNNHK8n6BPql3rJ-p-W6Vw2L0hBezVyT/s320/La+b%25C3%25BAsqueda+perpetua.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; text-align: left;"><b>La búsqueda perpetua: </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>lo propio y lo universal de la cultura latinoamericana</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Mercedes de Vega, Coord., 6 vols. México. 2011</b></span></div>
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<li><b><span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/La%20b%C3%BAqueda%20perpetua-Latinoam%C3%A9rica/1_J.Delgado-D.%20Camacho.pdf" target="_blank">Volumen 1. Diplomacia cultural, educación y derechos humanos</a></span></b></li>
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<b><span style="color: #f6b26b;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jaime Delgado, Daniel Camacho</span></span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">En este libro se estudia el vínculo entre la cultura y las relaciones internacionales, tanto en su evolución como en su estado actual, después de dos siglos de vida independiente de América Latina. Se destacan las aportaciones de la región a la diplomacia cultural y a los derechos humanos. Se pone en claro que no es posible hablar de una cultura totalmente autóctona, sino que hay que reconocer la incorporación de lo universal a “lo nuestro”, pero también hay que resaltar la manera en que eso “propio y nuestro” se ha convertido en universal. El volumen comprende dos partes. La primera está dedicada a la diplomacia cultural y la segunda a los derechos humanos. En cuanto a la diplomacia cultural, los autores señalan que es un factor desencadenante de sentido de unidad y pertenencia que permite la identidad latinoamericana, -por cuanto aporta y construye valores y genera conductas que favorecen una cultura de paz y convivencia entre las personas. Y sobre los derechos humanos, afirman que en América Latina los movimientos sociales y la acción social son impulsores de éstos, y, justamente, esto es lo que a los derechos humanos les da un tinte particularmente latinoamericano.</span><br />
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<li><b><span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/La%20b%C3%BAqueda%20perpetua-Latinoam%C3%A9rica/2_F.Zapata%26H.Ceruti%26P.pdf" target="_blank">Volumen 2. El pensamiento filosófico, político y sociológico</a></span></b></li>
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<b><span style="color: #f6b26b;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Francisco Zapata, Horacio Cerutti, Patricia Funes</span></span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El libro expone de qué manera se ha construido y ha evolucionado el pensamiento en América Latina. Se parte de la noción de pensamiento de José Gaos, quien decía que éste era un filosofar expresamente dirigido a cuestiones de la vida práctica, de la vida colectiva y de la política. En América Latina, el énfasis puesto en la búsqueda de un pensar propio, pone de relieve las dimensiones de la identidad y de la integración, las cuales también han sido objeto de búsquedas incesantes y hasta obsesivas. Estos dos temas sirven de líneas conductoras en la exposición de todo el tema, lo cual no significa, de manera alguna, que haya sido lo único en lo que se haya pensado en la región en los dos siglos de vida independiente. Se señala como parte importante del pensamiento filosófico, político y sociológico, su multiplicidad y diversidad en América Latina.</span></div>
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<li><b><span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/La%20b%C3%BAqueda%20perpetua-Latinoam%C3%A9rica/3-R.Olea%20F.%26J.Ortega%26L..pdf" target="_blank">Volumen 3. La literatura hispanoamericana</a></span></b></li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="color: #f6b26b;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rafael Olea Franco, Julio Ortega, Liliana Weinberg</span></span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El postulado de este volumen es que la literatura hispanoamericana no es, necesariamente, una búsqueda de la identidad, tampoco una disputa de versiones contrarias sobre la experiencia histórica continental o nacional. Más bien, los ensayos de este libro sostienen desde la narrativa, la poesía y el ensayo, que la literatura responde afirmativamente a buena parte de las preguntas que otros discursos y disciplinas insisten en responder deficientemente. En contra del difundido y autoderogativo principio del fracaso o el trauma (de la conquista, de la emancipación, del programa liberal, de la democratización…) como persistente modelo de lectura y conclusión simplificadora, se pretende demostrar que la calidad imaginativa, la riqueza comunicativa y la diversidad de opciones tratadas en nuestra literatura, son un principio de libertad creativa, que afirma a la cultura latinoamericana como el espacio de una realización plena, tan crítica como vital y gozosa.</span></div>
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<br />
<ul>
<li><b style="color: #f6b26b;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/La%20b%C3%BAqueda%20perpetua-Latinoam%C3%A9rica/4_Miranda%26Tello-M%C3%BAsicaLat.pdf" target="_blank">Volumen 4. La música en Latinoamérica</a></span></b></li>
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<b style="color: #f6b26b;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ricardo Miranda, Aurelio Tello </span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">En este volumen los festejos de 2010 se toman como una ocasión para reflexionar sobre la historia musical de América Latina, que cobra sentido y vigencia cuando permite observar un pasado que no es únicamente mexicano, venezolano, cubano o uruguayo, sino de raíces y alcances que necesariamente nos vinculan a todos. El volumen busca reordenar la información disponible y forjar con ella una visión del panorama musical latinoamericano que incite a la reflexión, a la crítica y también al desacuerdo. Los autores señalan que sólo a partir de la reflexión se puede contribuir a un conocimiento cabal y más amplio del fascinante mosaico musical de Latinoamérica, no siempre conocido ni aquilatado.</span><br />
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<ul>
<li><b><span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/La%20b%C3%BAqueda%20perpetua-Latinoam%C3%A9rica/5_E.Acevedo%20et.%20al.pdf" target="_blank">Volumen 5. México y la invención del arte latinoamericano, 1910-1950</a></span></b></li>
</ul>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #f6b26b;">Esther Acevedo, Pilar García, Gustavo Buntinx, Justo Mellado, Ivonne Pini</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Los autores analizan desde distintos ángulos el proceso de construcción del muralismo, concebido como una vanguardia teórico-artística conceptualizada desde la noción de lo “revolucionario”. Señalan cómo Colombia, Cuba y Venezuela, a pesar de sus particularidades en busca de “lo propio”, logran establecer líneas comunes que pasan por el conocimiento y apropiación de recursos conceptuales y formales que venían del muralismo mexicano. Analizan las propuestas de corte vanguardista que se contrapusieron a la Revolución Mexicana con innovaciones irradiadas desde las capitales de Sudamérica, y reconstruyen los viajes de David Alfaro Siqueiros, en su función de artista, militante y agente, a Montevideo, Buenos Aires, Santiago de Chile y São Paulo entre los años 1929 y 1941.</span><br />
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<ul>
<li><b><span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/La%20b%C3%BAqueda%20perpetua-Latinoam%C3%A9rica/6_J.Esteinou%20%26%20A.R.%20Alv.pdf" target="_blank">Volumen 6. Los medios electrónicos de difusión y la sociedad de la información</a></span></b></li>
</ul>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #f6b26b;">Javier Esteinou Madrid, Alma Rosa Alva de la Selva</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Doscientos años después de las luchas sociales de México y América Latina, que conquistaron nuevos horizontes de libertad, justicia y democracia, los autores observan transformaciones sociales que modificaron los avances emancipadores alcanzados en épocas anteriores. Así, se gestaron diversos cambios políticos, económicos, sociales y culturales de gran magnitud, que no siempre significaron avances democráticos, sino que se convirtieron en fenómenos de regresión histórica. Entre los hechos más importantes de la nueva subordinación de la sociedad mexicana a los poderes modernos figuraron, desde la segunda mitad del siglo XX y principios del XXI, la consolidación de los poderes fácticos mediáticos como poderes dominantes que desplazaron paulatinamente al Estado-nación de su función rectora de la sociedad, originando el surgimiento de la nueva Cuarta República Mediática que hoy gobierna el país. Por ello resulta central reflexionar sobre el nuevo Estado posmoderno que ha surgido ante la transformación del Estado republicano tradicional, para aportar propuestas para la resolución de los grandes problemas nacionales.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.trotta.es/pagina.php?cs_id_pagina=11&cs_id_contenido=655" target="_blank"><b>Enciclopedia Iberoamericana de Filosofía (34 volúmenes). Trota Editorial. </b></a></span><br />
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<a href="https://mega.nz/#F!7xtjTDKa!SfjOOR905XAMbpj3A3d_oQ" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWVy934i6BCgRdf6sX4hZmQMLLTa7UY3G5A18J35x-m7velJXm_UoNM13veZrgUF_B3jFS7yizdVnhr8h2vPzo6jHM8Bue-VSJMtTOluxWAf8DlVtu7uuAhW_TyvY_cmCR0XucNLWUPrje/s400/Enciclopedia+Iberoamericana+de+Filosof%25C3%25ADa+%2528Mosaico%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="https://mega.nz/#F!7xtjTDKa!SfjOOR905XAMbpj3A3d_oQ" target="_blank">Enciclopedia Iberoamericana de Filosofía</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="https://mega.nz/#F!7xtjTDKa!SfjOOR905XAMbpj3A3d_oQ" target="_blank">(32 volúmenes descargables en PDF)</a></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoo7OxuIO8R1cNi5Y-5XTW4T1a9TmS5umDPqixBMRLU_6jLjOoKaqwD8QHVdaZU7AfYdFtls-kw6fJUU1F5x6vi26B_GM8aC0MdzlgC4RAJqTSgP0lKhFBpoqAlx2B3xo6GkvJJBEqSO9s/s1600/Pensar+Latinoamerica.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoo7OxuIO8R1cNi5Y-5XTW4T1a9TmS5umDPqixBMRLU_6jLjOoKaqwD8QHVdaZU7AfYdFtls-kw6fJUU1F5x6vi26B_GM8aC0MdzlgC4RAJqTSgP0lKhFBpoqAlx2B3xo6GkvJJBEqSO9s/s400/Pensar+Latinoamerica.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Historia y pensamiento de y desde Latinoamérica:</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #f9cb9c;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>* </b></span><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Historia%20Latinoamericana/Tulio%20Halperin%20Donghi%20--%20Historia-contempor%C3%A1nea-de-America-Latina%20(PDF).pdf" target="_blank">Tulio Halperin Donghi: Historia Contemporanea de América Latina</a></span></b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #f9cb9c;"><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Pensar%20desde%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/JJ%20-Bautista-Qu%C3%A9%20significa%20pensar%20desde%20America%20Latina.pdf" target="_blank">J.J -Bautista-Qué significa pensar desde America Latina</a></b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #f9cb9c;">*<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Historia%20Latinoamericana/J.L.%20Cruz%20Rosales-Grupo%20Hiperi%C3%B3n%20--%20El%20mexicano%20en%20busca%20del%20mexicano%20(Tesis).pdf" target="_blank"> J.L. Cruz Rosales-El Grupo Hiperión -- El mexicano en busca del mexicano (Tesis)</a></b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #f9cb9c;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="color: #f9cb9c;">*<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b> <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Historia%20Latinoamericana/Javier%20Garciadiego-%20La%20Revoluci%C3%B3n%20Mexicana(2010).pdf" target="_blank">Javier Garciadiego- La Revolución Mexicana(2010)</a></b></span></span></div>
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<b style="color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Historia%20Latinoamericana/Martin%20Lienhard%20(ed).Testimonios%2C%20cartas%20y%20manifiestos%20ind%C3%ADgenas.pdf" target="_blank">Martin Lienhard (ed).Testimonios, cartas y manifiestos indígenas</a></b></div>
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<span style="color: #f9cb9c;"><span style="text-align: justify;">* </span><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.loboalpha.com.ar/77ultimomomento.htm" target="_blank">La maldición de la Malinche</a></span></b></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #f9cb9c;">* <a href="http://www.tihof.org/honors/malinche-esp.htm" target="_blank">La Malinche: ¿Creadora o traidora? </a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Sobre la filosofía latinoamericana:</span></b></div>
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<li style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">José Carlos Mariategui (Perú)</span></b></li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: #f9cb9c;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>* </b></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://filosofiacr.blogspot.com/2015/08/Mariategui-pensamientohispanoamericano.html" target="_blank">José Carlos Mariategui: ¿Existe un pensamiento hispanoamericano?</a></b></span></span><br />
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<b style="color: #f9cb9c;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Jos%C3%A9%20Carlos%20Mariategui/Mari%C3%A1tegui%2C%20J.%20C.%20-%20Siete%20ensayos--de%20la%20realidad%20peruana%20%5B1928%5D%20%5Bed.%20Ayacucho%5D.pdf" target="_blank">José Carlos Mariategui: Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana</a></span></b></div>
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<b style="color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">*<a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Jos%C3%A9%20Carlos%20Mariategui/Mari%C3%A1tegui%2C%20J.%20C.%20-%20Invitaci%C3%B3n%20a%20la%20vida%20heroica.%20Antolog%C3%ADa%20(1911-1930)%20%5B1989%5D.pdf" target="_blank"> José Carlos Mariátegui: Invitación a la vida heroica. Antología (1911-1930) [1989]</a></b></div>
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<b style="color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Jos%C3%A9%20Carlos%20Mariategui/Mari%C3%A1tegui%2C%20J.%20C.%20-%20Defensa%20del%20marxismo%20%5B1930%5D.pdf" target="_blank">José Carlos Mariátegui- Defensa del marxismo [1930]</a></b></div>
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<span style="color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
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<b style="color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Jos%C3%A9%20Carlos%20Mariategui/Mari%C3%A1tegui%2C%20J.%20C.%20-%20Literatura%20y%20est%C3%A9tica.pdf" target="_blank">José Carlos Mariátegui: Literatura y estética</a></b></div>
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<b style="color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">*<a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Jos%C3%A9%20Carlos%20Mariategui/Jos%C3%A9%20Carlos%20Mari%C3%A1tegui--Las-reivindicaciones-feministas-corregido.pdf" target="_blank">José Carlos Mariátegui: Las-reivindicaciones-feministas-corregido</a></b></div>
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<b style="color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Jos%C3%A9%20Carlos%20Mariategui/Mari%C3%A1tegui%2C%20J.%20C.%20-%20Obras%20completas%20%5Btomo%20I%5D.pdf" target="_blank">José Carlos Mariátegui: Obras completas [tomo I]</a></b></div>
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<b style="color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Jos%C3%A9%20Carlos%20Mariategui/Mari%C3%A1tegui%2C%20J.%20C.%20-%20Obras%20completas%20%5Btomo%20II%5D.pdf" target="_blank">José Carlos Mariátegui: Obras completas [tomo II]</a></b></div>
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<li style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Miguel León Portilla (México)</span></b></li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: #f6b26b;">*<a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Miguel%20Le%C3%B3n%20Portilla/Filosof%C3%ADa%20Nahuatl-Prehisp%C3%A1nica/Leon-Portilla%2C%20Miguel-La-Filosofia-Nahuatl.pdf" target="_blank"> </a></span><span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Miguel%20Le%C3%B3n%20Portilla/Filosof%C3%ADa%20Nahuatl-Prehisp%C3%A1nica/Leon-Portilla%2C%20Miguel-La-Filosofia-Nahuatl.pdf" target="_blank">Miguel León Portilla: La filosofía náhuatl estudiada en sus fuentes</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* <b><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Miguel%20Le%C3%B3n%20Portilla/Filosof%C3%ADa%20Nahuatl-Prehisp%C3%A1nica/Le%C3%B3n%20Portilla%2C%20Miguel%20-%20Visi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20vencidos%20%5BM%C3%A9xico%2C%20aztecas%5D.pdf" target="_blank">Miguel </a></b></span><b style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Miguel%20Le%C3%B3n%20Portilla/Filosof%C3%ADa%20Nahuatl-Prehisp%C3%A1nica/Le%C3%B3n%20Portilla%2C%20Miguel%20-%20Visi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20vencidos%20%5BM%C3%A9xico%2C%20aztecas%5D.pdf" target="_blank">León Portilla</a></b><b style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Miguel%20Le%C3%B3n%20Portilla/Filosof%C3%ADa%20Nahuatl-Prehisp%C3%A1nica/Le%C3%B3n%20Portilla%2C%20Miguel%20-%20Visi%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20vencidos%20%5BM%C3%A9xico%2C%20aztecas%5D.pdf" target="_blank"> - Visión de los vencidos</a></b></div>
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<li style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Luis Villoro (México)</span></b></li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: #f6b26b;">*</span><span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/gfmqu6ehzcktg8b/Luis%20Villoro%20-%20Filosof%C3%ADa%20y%20dominaci%C3%B3n.pdf?fb=1" target="_blank"> Luis Villoro: Filosofía y dominación</a></b></span></div>
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<li style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Enrique Dussell (Argentina-México)</b></li>
</ul>
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* <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Enrique%20Dussel%20-%20Obra%20-%20PDF/Dussel%2C%20Enrique%20-%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina.%20Dependencia%20y%20liberaci%C3%B3n%20%5B1973%5D.pdf" target="_blank">Enrique Dussel: América Latina. Dependencia y liberación </a></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">*<b><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/Enrique%20Dussel%20-%20Obra%20-%20PDF/1492.%20El%20encubrimiento%20del%20Otro.pdf" target="_blank">Enrique Dussel: 1492.El encubrimiento del Otro</a></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
* <b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Enrique%20Dussel%20-%20Obra%20-%20PDF/Dussel%2C%20Enrique%20-%20Historia%20de%20la%20filosofia%20y%20filosofia%20de%20la%20liberaci%C3%B3n.pdf" target="_blank">Enrique Dussel: Historia de la filosofia y filosofia de la liberación</a></span></b></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
* <b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Enrique%20Dussel%20-%20Obra%20-%20PDF/Dussel%2C%20Enrique%20-%20Praxis%20latinoamericana%20y%20filosof%C3%ADa%20de%20la%20liberaci%C3%B3n%20%5B1983%5D.pdf" target="_blank">Enrique Dussel: Praxis latinoamericana y filosofía de la liberación </a></span></b></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
* <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Enrique%20Dussel%20-%20Obra%20-%20PDF/Dussel%2CEnrique%20y%20Guillot%2C%20Daniel%20E.-Liberaci%C3%B3n%20latinoamericana%20y%20Emmanuel%20L%C3%A9vinas.pdf" target="_blank">Enrique Dussel: Etica de la liberación en la edad de la globalización y la exclusión</a></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
* <b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Enrique%20Dussel%20-%20Obra%20-%20PDF/Dussel%2C%20Enrique-El%20%C3%9Altimo%20Marx%20%281863-1882%29%20y%20la%20liberaci%C3%B3n%20latinoamericana.pdf" target="_blank">Enrique Dussel: El último Marx (1863-1882) y la liberación latinoamericana</a></span></b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<span style="color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* <b><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/Enrique%20Dussel%20-%20Obra%20-%20PDF/Dussell%2C%20Enrique%20-%20La%20produccion%20te%C3%B3rica%20de%20Marx%20(Un%20Comentario%20a%20los%20Grundrisse).pdf" target="_blank">Enrique Dussell: La produccion teórica de Marx (Un Comentario a los Grundrisse)</a></b></span><br />
<b><br /></b>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/Enrique%20Dussel%20-%20Obra%20-%20PDF/Enrique%20Dussel%20-%20El%20orden%20ontol%C3%B3gico%20pol%C3%ADtico.pdf" target="_blank">Enrique Dussel - El orden ontológico político</a></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f9cb9c;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/Enrique%20Dussel%20-%20Obra%20-%20PDF/Dussel%2C%20Enrique%20--%20Filosof%C3%ADa%20de%20la%20Producci%C3%B3n.pdf" target="_blank">Enrique </a></span><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/Enrique%20Dussel%20-%20Obra%20-%20PDF/Dussel%2C%20Enrique%20--%20Filosof%C3%ADa%20de%20la%20Producci%C3%B3n.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dussel:</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Filosofía de la Producción</span></a></b></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>* </b><b style="color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/Enrique%20Dussel%20-%20Obra%20-%20PDF/Enrique%20Dussell%2016%20Tesis%20de%20Econom%C3%ADa%20Pol%C3%ADtica.pdf" target="_blank">Enrique Dussell: 16 Tesis de Economía Política</a></b></div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Arturo Andrés Roig (Argentina)</span></b></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #f6b26b;">
* <b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/xjlsjmrq5jokmwx/Arturo%20Andr%C3%A9s%20Roig%20%20Teor%C3%ADa%20y%20Cr%C3%ADtica%20del%20pensamiento%20latinoamericano.pdf?fb=1" target="_blank">Arturo Andrés Roig: Teoría y crítica del pensamiento latinoamericano</a></span></b></span></div>
<span style="color: #f6b26b;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #f6b26b;">* <b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/0vtlgr0a39z0obp/Arturo%20Andr%C3%A9s%20Roig%20-%20Necesidad%20de%20una%20segunda%20independencia.pdf?fb=1" target="_blank">Arturo Andrés Roig: Necesidad de una segunda independencia</a></span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #f6b26b;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #f6b26b;">*<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/4duuhw9c8dg4egs/Arturo%20Andr%C3%A9s%20Roig%20-%20Pensar%20la%20mundializaci%C3%B3n%20desde%20el%20sur.pdf?fb=1" target="_blank">Arturo Andrés Roig: Pensar la mundialización desde el sur</a></span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #f6b26b;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #f6b26b;">*<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/65veam5u06w3fsz/Arturo%20Andr%C3%A9s%20Roig%20--%20Rostro%20y%20filosof%C3%ADa%20de%20Nuestra%20Am%C3%A9rica.pdf?fb=1" target="_blank">Arturo Andrés Roig: Rostro y filosofía de nuestra América</a></b></span></span><br />
<ul><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<li><b>Günter Rodolfo Kusch (Argentina)</b></li>
</span></ul>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/Rodolfo%20Kusch/Obras%20Completas.Tomo%20I%20-%20Rodolfo%20Kusch.pdf" target="_blank">Rodolfo Kusch: Obras Completas.Tomo I </a></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #f9cb9c;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #f9cb9c;">*<a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/Rodolfo%20Kusch/Obras%20Completas.Tomo%20II%20%20-%20Rodolfo%20Kusch.pdf" target="_blank"> Rodolfo Kusch: Obras Completas.Tomo II </a></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #f9cb9c;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #f9cb9c;">* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/Rodolfo%20Kusch/Obras%20Completas.Tomo%20III%20-%20Rodolfo%20Kusch.pdf" target="_blank">Rodolfo Kusch: Obras Completas.Tomo III</a></span></b><br />
<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #f9cb9c;">* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/Rodolfo%20Kusch/Obras%20Completas.Tomo%20IV%20-%20Rodolfo%20Kusch.pdf" target="_blank">Rodolfo Kusch: Obras Completas.Tomo IV </a></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #f9cb9c;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/Rodolfo%20Kusch/Rodolfo%20Kusch-Pensar%20en%20americano.doc" target="_blank">Rodolfo Kusch: Pensar en americano</a></b></span></div>
<span style="color: #f6b26b;">
</span>
<br />
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ernersto Laclau (Argentina)</b></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: #f9cb9c;">* <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/4ki6cslyjnswgzq/Ernesto%20Laclau%20-%20Universalismo%2C%20particularismo%20y%20el%20tema%20de%20la%20identidad%20%5B1995%5D.pdf?fb=1" target="_blank">Ernesto Laclau: Universalismo, particularismo y el tema de la identidad </a></span></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: #f9cb9c;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* </span><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Ernesto%20Laclau/Ernesto%20%20Laclau%20-%20La%20raz%C3%B3n%20populista%20%5B2005%5D.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ernesto Laclau: La razón populista [2005]</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></a></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: #f9cb9c;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">*<a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Ernesto%20Laclau/Ernesto%20Laclau%20-%20Modos%20de%20Producci%C3%B3n%2C%20Sistemas%20econ%C3%B3micos%20y%20poblaci%C3%B3n%20excedente.pdf" target="_blank"> </a></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Ernesto%20Laclau/Ernesto%20Laclau%20-%20Modos%20de%20Producci%C3%B3n%2C%20Sistemas%20econ%C3%B3micos%20y%20poblaci%C3%B3n%20excedente.pdf" target="_blank">Ernesto Laclau: Modos de Producción, Sistemas económicos y población excedente</a></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Ernesto%20Laclau/Ernesto%20Laclau%20y%20Chantal%20%20Mouffe%20--%20Hegemonia%20y%20estrategia%20socialista.pdf" target="_blank">Ernesto Laclau y Chantal Mouffe: Hegemonia y estrategia socialista</a></b></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Ludovico Silva (Venezuela)</b></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/Ludovico%20Sivla/Silva%2C%20Ludovico%20-%20Antimanual%20para%20uso%20de%20marxistas%2C%20marx%C3%B3logos%20y%20marxianos%20%5B1975%5D.pdf" target="_blank">Ludovico Silva: Teoría y práctica de la ideología [1971]</a></span></b></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">*<a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/Ludovico%20Sivla/Silva%2C%20Ludovico%20-%20Antimanual%20para%20uso%20de%20marxistas%2C%20marx%C3%B3logos%20y%20marxianos%20%5B1975%5D.pdf" target="_blank"> Ludovico Silva: Antimanual para uso de marxistas, marxólogos y marxianos [1975]</a></span></b></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/Ludovico%20Sivla/Silva%2C%20Ludovico%20-%20Contracultura%20Y%20Humanismo%20%5B1982%5D.pdf" target="_blank">Ludovico Silva: Contracultura y humanismo [1982]</a></span></b></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/Ludovico%20Sivla/Silva%2C%20Ludovico%20-%20Teor%C3%ADa%20del%20socialismo%20%5B1980%5D.pdf" target="_blank">Ludovico Silva: Teoría del socialismo [1980]</a></span></b></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/Ludovico%20Sivla/Silva%2C%20Ludovico%20-%20La%20Alienaci%C3%B3n%20Como%20Sistema%20%5B1983%5D.pdf" target="_blank">Ludovico Silva: La alienación como sistema [1983]</a></span></b></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Boaventura De Soussa Santos (Brasil) </span></b></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #f9cb9c;">* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Boaventura%20de%20Sousa%20Santos/Boaventura%20De%20Sousa%20Santos%20-%20Una%20Epistemolog%C3%ADa%20del%20Sur.pdf" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Boaventura De Sousa Santos: Una Epistemología del Sur</a></span></b></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #f9cb9c;">*</span><b style="color: #f9cb9c;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Boaventura%20de%20Sousa%20Santos/Boaventura%20De%20Sousa%20Santos%20-%20Renovar%20la%20teor%C3%ADa%20cr%C3%ADtica%20y%20reinventar%20la%20emancipaci%C3%B3n%5B2006%5D.pdf" target="_blank"> Boaventura De Sousa Santos: Desconolonizar el saber reinventar el poder</a></span></b><br />
<b style="color: #f9cb9c;"><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #f9cb9c;"><b>* <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Boaventura%20de%20Sousa%20Santos/Boaventura%20De%20Sousa%20Santos%20-%20Renovar%20la%20teor%C3%ADa%20cr%C3%ADtica%20y%20reinventar%20la%20emancipaci%C3%B3n%5B2006%5D.pdf" target="_blank">Boaventura De Sousa Santos:Renovar la teoría crítica y reinventar la emancipación</a></span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #f9cb9c;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #f9cb9c;"><b>*<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Boaventura%20de%20Sousa%20Santos/Boaventura%20De%20Sousa%20Santos%20-%20La%20refundaci%C3%B3n%20del%20Estado%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina%20%5B2010%5D.pdf" target="_blank"> Boaventura De Sousa Santos: La refundación del Estado en América Latina</a></span></b></span></div>
<span style="color: #f9cb9c;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #f9cb9c;"><b>* <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Boaventura%20de%20Sousa%20Santos/Boaventura%20De%20Sousa%20Santos%20-%20Para%20descolonizar%20Occidente%20%5B2010%5D.pdf" target="_blank">Boaventura De Sousa Santos: Para descolonizar Occidente</a></span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #f9cb9c;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #f9cb9c;"><b>* <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/Boaventura%20de%20Sousa%20Santos/Boaventura%20De%20Sousa%20Santos-%20Conocer%20desde%20el%20Sur%20%5B2006%5D.pdf" target="_blank">Boaventura De Sousa Santos: Conocer desde el Sur </a></span></b></span></div>
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</span>
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<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Raul Fornet-Betancourt (Cuba)</b></li>
</ul>
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* <b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/jcmkjwx4lofk4ed/Raul%20Fornet-Betancourt--Lo%20intercultural-El%20Problema%20y%20su%20definici%C3%B3n.pdf?fb=1" target="_blank">Raul Fornet-Betancourt: Lo intercultural, el problema y su definición </a></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #f6b26b;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #f6b26b;">* </span><b style="color: #f6b26b;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/zg5ht9c2ndz0vss/D%20Guti%C3%A9rrez%20F%20%26%20A%20B%20M%C3%A1quez-F--Ra%C3%BAl%20Fornet-Betancourt%20di%C3%A1logo%20y%20filosof%C3%ADa%20intercultural.pdf?fb=1" target="_blank">Raul Fornet-Betancourt: Diálogo y filosofía intercultural </a></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #f6b26b;">* </span><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.afyl.org/fornet.pdf" target="_blank">Raul Fornet-Betancourt: Interculturalidad, asignatura pendiente en la filosofía latinoamericana</a></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #f6b26b;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #f6b26b;">* </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/awvwtgccisqubz1/Christina%20Scharamm--La%20filosof%C3%ADa%20intercultural%20latinoamericana%20de%20Ra%C3%BAl%20Fornet%20Betancourt%20%28RFUCR%29.pdf?fb=1" target="_blank">C. Scharamm: La filosofía intercultural latinoamericana de Raúl Fornet Betancourt</a></b></span></div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Roberto Fernandez Retamar (Cuba)</b></li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: #f6b26b;">* <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/ar/libros/campus/retamar/retamar.html" target="_blank">Roberto Fernández Retamar: Pensamiento de nuestra América</a> </b></span></span></div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Arnoldo Mora R. (Costa Rica)</b></li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: #f6b26b;">* </span><b style="color: #f6b26b;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://es.scribd.com/doc/93822260/Arnoldo-Mora-Rodriguez-La-Filosofia-Latinoamericana-como-Autoconciencia-de-su-Historia" target="_blank">Arnoldo Mora R.: La filosofía latinoamericana como autoconciencia de su historia</a></span></b></div>
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<ul><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<li><b>Franz Hinkelammert(Alemania / Chile /Costa Rica</b></li>
</span></ul>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><span style="color: #f9cb9c;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #f9cb9c;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/Franz%20Hinkelamert/Hinkelammert%2CF-La%20Teologia%20de%20la%20liberacion%20en%20el%20contexto%20economico%20social%20de%20America%20Latina.pdf" target="_blank">Franz </a></b><b><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/Franz%20Hinkelamert/Hinkelammert%2CF-La%20Teologia%20de%20la%20liberacion%20en%20el%20contexto%20economico%20social%20de%20America%20Latina.pdf" target="_blank">Hinkelammert: La Teología de la liberación en el contexto económico social de America Latina</a></b></span></span><br />
<br />
<b style="color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/Franz%20Hinkelamert/Hinkelammert%2C%20Franz%20-%20El%20asalto%20al%20poder%20mundial%20y%20la%20violencia%20sagrada%20del%20imperio.pdf" target="_blank">Franz </a></b><b style="color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/Franz%20Hinkelamert/Hinkelammert%2C%20Franz%20-%20El%20asalto%20al%20poder%20mundial%20y%20la%20violencia%20sagrada%20del%20imperio.pdf" target="_blank">Hinkelammert: El asalto al poder mundial y la violencia sagrada del imperio</a></b><br />
<br />
<b style="color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/Franz%20Hinkelamert/Hinkelamert%2C%20Franz%20--%20Dial%C3%A9ctica%20del%20Desarrollo%20Desigual.pdf" target="_blank">Franz </a></b><b style="color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/Franz%20Hinkelamert/Hinkelamert%2C%20Franz%20--%20Dial%C3%A9ctica%20del%20Desarrollo%20Desigual.pdf" target="_blank">Hinkelamert: Dialéctica del Desarrollo Desigual.</a></b><br />
<br />
<b style="color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/Franz%20Hinkelamert/Franz%20Hinkelamert%20--%20La%20fe%20de%20Abraham%20y%20el%20ed%C3%ADpo%20occidental.pdf" target="_blank">Franz Hinkelamert: La fe de Abraham y el Edípo occidental</a></b><br />
<br />
<b style="color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* <a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/Franz%20Hinkelamert/Franz%20J.%20Hinkelamert%20--%20Cr%C3%ADtica%20a%20la%20raz%C3%B3n%20ut%C3%B3pica.pdf" target="_blank">Franz J. Hinkelamert: Crítica a la razón utópica</a></b><br />
<br />
<b style="color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">*<a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/pdf/filosofia/filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20am%C3%A9rica%20latina/Franz%20Hinkelamert/Franz%20Hinkelamert--Critica%20de%20la%20raz%C3%B3n%20mitica.pdf" target="_blank">Franz Hinkelamert: Crítica de la razón mítica</a></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib4uvY9_mmnJ9aifmR-F7m8-iAR6YkajL0reVMJutbaZoLhY7hrlvslROk3KC4XJjbYkabN9t04ZMfnzlXSrOyA6kG30rDPVDPFW_2i6l1zkT0iZIGl-ZTCpN2YRNr2yibPgNt5vW9jskC/s1600/Filosof%25C3%25ADa+en+Am%25C3%25A9rica+Latina+Mayo+2015+%2528JPG-Final%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib4uvY9_mmnJ9aifmR-F7m8-iAR6YkajL0reVMJutbaZoLhY7hrlvslROk3KC4XJjbYkabN9t04ZMfnzlXSrOyA6kG30rDPVDPFW_2i6l1zkT0iZIGl-ZTCpN2YRNr2yibPgNt5vW9jskC/s400/Filosof%25C3%25ADa+en+Am%25C3%25A9rica+Latina+Mayo+2015+%2528JPG-Final%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><u>Ver también:</u></b></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://filosofiacr.blogspot.com/2011/12/las-venas-abiertas-de-america-latina-de.html" target="_blank">Las Venas abiertas en América Latina</a></i></span></b></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://filosofiacr.blogspot.com/2012/10/la-filosofia-europea-y-america-latina.html" target="_blank">Filosofía europea y América Latina</a></i></span></b></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://filosofiacr.blogspot.com/2011/12/simon-bolivar-y-la-union.html" target="_blank">Simón Bolívar y la Unión Latinoamericana</a></i></span></b></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://filosofiacr.blogspot.com/2014/05/josemartipensamientoypraxis.html" target="_blank">José Martí: Pensamiento y praxis latinoamericanista</a></b></i></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://filosofiacr.blogspot.com/2012/08/salvador-allende-y-el-marxismo-en.html" target="_blank">Salvador Allende y el marxismo en América Latina</a></i></span></b></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://filosofiacr.wordpress.com/2011/10/03/la-filosofia-latinoamericana-filosofia-aqui-y-ahora-iv-cuarta-temporada/" target="_blank">¿Es posible un pensamiento latinoamericano?</a></i></span></b></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://filosofiacr.blogspot.com/2014/05/marx-ha-vuelto-version-latinoamericana.html" target="_blank">Marx ha vuelto (Versión Latinoamericana)</a></i></span></b></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/Jos%C3%A9%20Carlos%20Mariategui:%20%C2%BFExiste%20un%20pensamiento%20hispanoamericano?" target="_blank">José Carlos Mariategui: ¿Existe un pensamiento hispanoamericano?</a></b></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://filosofiacr.blogspot.com/2011/12/la-operacion-condor-una-criminal.html" target="_blank">La operación Cóndor, la gran conspiración de EE.UU sobre América Latina</a></i></span></b></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://filosofiacr.tumblr.com/post/87012231900/entre-la-luz-y-la-sombra-subcomandante-marcos-video" target="_blank">Entre la luz y la sombra (Proclama final de subcomandante Marcos)</a></i></span></b></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://filosofiacr.blogspot.com/2011/12/al-sur-de-la-frontera-south-of-border.html" target="_blank">Al Sur de la Frontera. (Oliver Stone)</a></i></span></b></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><a href="https://storify.com/filosofiacr/jose-carlos-mariategui-1895-1930" target="_blank">Jose Carlos Mariategui (Curado de recursos web-storify)</a></i></b></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<ul style="text-align: center;">
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i><a href="http://filosofiacr.blogspot.com/2014/05/hector-neri-castaneda-vida-pensamiento.html" target="_blank">Héctor-Neri Castañeda: Vida, pensamiento y obras</a></i></b></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><i><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.scoop.it/t/filosofia-en-america-latina" target="_blank">Filosofía en América Latina (Curado de recursos web-Scoop.it)</a></span></b></i></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/filosofialatinoamerica/" target="_blank">Filosofía en América Latina (Grupo Facebook)</a></b></span></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
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</div>
</div>
</div>
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</div>
Filosofía en Costa Ricahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913529307278002591noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3899327006290566633.post-62132175105119007122015-08-07T20:01:00.001-06:002015-08-07T20:13:07.889-06:00Manifiesto Russell-Einstein (Texto + Audio de Bertrand Russell)<center>
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="180" src="https://www.mixcloud.com/widget/iframe/?embed_type=widget_standard&embed_uuid=04cb01ae-8e21-4350-80fa-5e74ffd6735c&feed=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mixcloud.com%2Ffilosofia_costarica%2Feinstein-russell-manifesto-press-conference-bertrand-russell%2F&hide_cover=1&hide_tracklist=1&replace=0" width="560"></iframe></div>
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<a href="https://www.mixcloud.com/filosofia_costarica/einstein-russell-manifesto-press-conference-bertrand-russell/?utm_source=widget&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=base_links&utm_term=resource_link" style="color: grey; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank"><b>Einstein-Russell Manifesto Press Conference (Bertrand Russell)</b></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Einstein-Russell Manifesto Press Conference (Bertrand Russell)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Russell–Einstein Manifesto was issued in London on 9 July 1955 by Bertrand Russell in the midst of the Cold War. It highlighted the dangers posed by nuclear weapons and called for world leaders to seek peaceful resolutions to international conflict. The signatories included eleven pre-eminent intellectuals and scientists, including Albert Einstein, who signed it just days before his death on 18 April 1955.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Manifiesto: Einstein-Russell Conferencia de prensa, por Bertrand Russell </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El Manifiesto Russell-Einstein se publicó en Londres el 9 de julio de 1955 por Bertrand Russell en medio de la Guerra Fría. Puso de relieve los peligros que suponen las armas nucleares y pidió a los líderes mundiales a buscar soluciones pacíficas a los conflictos internacionales. Los firmantes incluyen once intelectuales y científicos eminentes, entre ellos Albert Einstein, quien lo firmó pocos días antes de su muerte el 18 de abril 1955.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Comunicado de prensa</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>9 de julio de 1955</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">La declaración que se acompaña, que ha sido firmada por algunas de las más eminentes autoridades científicas en diferentes partes del mundo, trata de los peligros de una guerra nuclear. Se deja en claro que ninguna de las partes puede aspirar a la victoria en esa guerra, y que existe un peligro muy real de exterminación de la raza humana por el polvo y la lluvia de las nubes radio-activas. Se sugiere que ni el público ni los Gobiernos del mundo son suficientemente conscientes del peligro. Señala que un acuerdo de prohibición de las armas nucleares, si bien podría ser útil para disminuir la tensión, no ofrecería una solución, ya que dichas armas serían sin duda fabricadas y utilizadas en una gran guerra, a pesar de los acuerdos previos en sentido contrario. La única esperanza para la humanidad es evitar la guerra. Esta declaración tiene como propósito reclamar un modo de pensar que haga posible ese objetivo.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">La primera iniciativa vino de una colaboración entre Einstein y yo mismo. La firma de Einstein la puso en su última semana de vida. Desde su muerte la he trasladado a hombres de competencia científica tanto del Este como del Oeste, pues los desacuerdos políticos no deberían influir en los hombres de ciencia en la estimación de lo que es probable, pero algunos de estos acercamientos aún no han tenido respuesta. Estoy trasladando la advertencia pronunciada por los firmantes al conocimiento de todos los Gobiernos poderosos del mundo con la sincera esperanza de que puedan llegar a un acuerdo que permita sobrevivir a sus ciudadanos</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Bertrand Russell</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Carta a los Jefes de Estado</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Estimado...</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Adjunto una declaración, firmada por algunas de las más eminentes autoridades científicas sobre la guerra nuclear, señalando el peligro de desastre total e irrecuperable que existiría de producirse tal guerra, y la consiguiente necesidad de encontrar alguna otra manera que la guerra para que puedan resolverse las disputas internacionales. Mi sincera esperanza es que usted ofrezca expresión pública de su opinión sobre el problema objeto de la presente declaración, que es el más grave que jamás haya enfrentado la raza humana.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Su seguro servidor,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Bertrand Russell</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvcS1HKo3DRFa4bYg-gqwUEFh_hDSWDdVDdM9qqovaplRduLmF8naiEqwLB7NA9IYODDWXcFWgKEjrqZHiKoEZ1WxM1HEROGETAXXvS3JMYSaJZCRnnEkKq5uOBxVqGSbrBTqVGodzrIVn/s1600/Russell-Einstein+Manifesto.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvcS1HKo3DRFa4bYg-gqwUEFh_hDSWDdVDdM9qqovaplRduLmF8naiEqwLB7NA9IYODDWXcFWgKEjrqZHiKoEZ1WxM1HEROGETAXXvS3JMYSaJZCRnnEkKq5uOBxVqGSbrBTqVGodzrIVn/s400/Russell-Einstein+Manifesto.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Manifiesto Russell-Einstein</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Una declaración sobre armas nucleares</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Difundida a la prensa en Caxton Hall,</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Londres, 9 de julio de 1955</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">En la trágica situación que afronta la humanidad, consideramos que los científicos deberían reunirse en una conferencia para asumir los peligros que han aparecido como resultado del desarrollo de las armas de destrucción masiva, y discutir una resolución en el espíritu del proyecto anexo al presente.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>En esta ocasión hablamos, no como miembros de esta o aquella nación, continente o credo, sino como seres humanos, miembros de la especie Humana, cuya continuidad de existencia está en duda.</b> El mundo está lleno de conflictos; y oscureciendo todos los conflictos menores, la titánica lucha entre comunismo y anticomunismo.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Casi todos, quienes son políticamente conscientes tienen fuertes sentimientos sobre uno o más de estos temas; pero quisiéramos que ustedes, si pueden, dejen de lado esos sentimientos y <b><i>se consideren a sí mismos solamente como miembros de una especie biológica que ha tenido una historia destacada, y cuya desaparición no desea ninguno de nosotros.</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Trataremos de no decir ni una sola palabra que pudiera aludir a un grupo mas que a otro. Todos, por igual, están en peligro, y, si el peligro es entendido, existe la esperanza de que ellos colectivamente puedan conjurarlo. Debemos aprender a pensar en una nueva forma. Debemos aprender a interrogarnos, no sobre los pasos que pueden darse para dar la victoria militar al grupo de nuestra preferencia, porque ya no existen esos pasos; la pregunta que debemos formularnos es:<b><i>¿qué pasos pueden tomarse para prevenir una confrontación militar cuya aparición necesariamente será desastrosa para todos los contendientes?</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El público en general, y aún algunos hombres en posiciones de autoridad, no han advertido sobre lo que acarrearía una guerra con bombas nucleares. El público en general todavía piensa en términos de destrucción de ciudades. Se sabe que las nuevas bombas son más poderosas que las antiguas, y que, <b><i>mientras una bomba-A podía arrasar Hiroshima, una bomba-H podría destruir las ciudades más grandes, como Londres, Nueva York, y Moscú</i></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Sin duda que en una guerra con bombas-H las ciudades serían arrasadas.</b> Pero este sería uno de los menores desastres que habría que enfrentar. Si todos en Londres, Nueva York y Moscú fueran exterminados, el mundo podría, en el curso de unos pocos siglos, recuperarse de la explosión. Pero sabemos, especialmente desde la prueba de Bikini, que las bombas nucleares pueden gradualmente dispersar destrucción sobre un área mucho mayor que la prevista.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Está comprobado con gran autoridad que actualmente puede construirse una bomba con una potencia 2500 veces superior a la que destruyó Hiroshima.</b> Tal bomba, si explotara cerca del suelo o bajo el agua, enviaría partículas radiactivas a las capas superiores del aire. Estas caerían gradualmente alcanzando la superficie de la tierra en forma de lluvia o polvo letales. Fue ése el polvo que afectó a los pescadores japoneses y a sus capturas de pescado.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Nadie sabe cuán ampliamente esas partículas radiactivas podrían diseminarse, pero las mejores autoridades expresan unánimemente que una guerra con bombas-H podría posiblemente poner fin a la raza humana</b>. <b>Se teme que si varias bombas-H fueran usadas habría una muerte universal, repentina solo para una minoría, pero para la mayoría continuaría una lenta tortura de enfermedad y desintegración.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Muchas advertencias han sido publicadas por eminentes hombres de ciencia y por autoridades en estrategia militar. Ninguna de ellas dirá que los peores resultados son seguros. Lo que ellas sí dicen es que estos resultados son posibles, y nadie puede estar seguro de que no sucederán. Nosotros no hemos encontrado que las visiones de los expertos en este tema dependan en algún grado de sus ideas políticas o prejuicios. Ellas dependen solamente, hasta donde nuestros investigadores han revelado, de la intensidad del conocimiento específico de cada experto en particular. <b>Hemos descubierto que los hombres que más saben son los más sombríos.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Aquí radica pues, el problema que le presentamos, cabal, espantoso e ineludible: <b><i>¿Pondremos fin a la raza humana; o la humanidad renunciará a la guerra?</i></b> El pueblo no afrontará esta alternativa porque es demasiado difícil abolir la guerra.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>La abolición de la guerra exigirá desagradables limitaciones a la soberanía nacional. </b>Pero lo que tal vez impida la comprensión de la situación mas que ninguna otra cosa es que el término humanidad se siente algo vago y abstracto. La gente apenas imagina que el peligro es para ellos mismos, sus hijos y sus nietos, y no solo para una borrosamente entendida humanidad. Apenas pueden advertir que ellos individualmente, y cada uno de sus seres queridos están en peligro inminente de perecer de manera agonizante. Y así esperan que tal vez la guerra pueda ser autorizada a continuar siendo provista de armas modernas con ciertas prohibiciones.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Esta esperanza es ilusoria. Cualquier acuerdo alcanzado en tiempos de paz para no utilizar bombas-H, no será considerado vinculante en tiempo de guerra, y ambas partes se pondrían a fabricar bombas-H tan pronto como estallara la guerra, en caso que, si una de las partes construyera las bombas y la otra no, quien las construyera resultaría inevitablemente victorioso.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Aunque un acuerdo de renunciar a las armas nucleares como parte de una reducción general de armamentos no representaría una solución definitiva, serviría a importantes propósitos. <b>Primero: cualquier acuerdo entre Este y Oeste será para bien, dado que tenderá a reducir la tensión. Segundo: la abolición de las armas termonucleares, si cada parte ha comprendido que la otra lo ha hecho sinceramente, disminuiría el temor de un ataque sorpresivo del tipo de Pearl Harbour, lo que en la actualidad mantiene a ambas partes en estado de aprensión nerviosa. Deberíamos, por lo tanto, dar la bienvenida a tal acuerdo, aunque sea solamente como un primer paso.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Está ante nosotros, si lo elegimos, progreso continuo en felicidad, conocimiento y sabiduría. <b><i>¿Elegiremos la muerte, por lo contrario, por no poder olvidar nuestras disputas? </i></b>Hacemos este llamado como seres humanos: <b>Recuerden su condición humana y olviden lo demás.</b> Si pueden hacerlo el camino permanece abierto hacia un nuevo Paraíso; si no pueden, está frente a ustedes el riesgo de la muerte universal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Resolución</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Invitamos a este Congreso, y a través de los científicos del mundo al público en general, a suscribir la presente resolución:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>En vista del hecho de que en cualquier futura guerra mundial las armas nucleares serán sin duda empleadas, y que esas armas nucleares amenazan la continuidad de la existencia del ser humano, urgimos a los Gobiernos del mundo a tomar conciencia, y a reconocer públicamente, que sus propósitos no pueden alcanzarse por medio de una guerra mundial, y los instamos, en consecuencia, a encontrar medios pacíficos para la solución de todo conflicto o disputa entre ellos.</b></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Max Born</b></li>
<li><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Percy W. Bridgman</b></li>
<li><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Alberto Einstein</b></li>
<li><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Leopoldo Infeld</b></li>
<li><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Federico Joliot-Curie</b></li>
<li><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Germán J. Muller</b></li>
<li><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lino Pauling</b></li>
<li><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cecilio F. Powell</b></li>
<li><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">José Rotblat</b></li>
<li><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Beltrán Russell</b></li>
<li><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hideki Yukawa</b></li>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El 9 de julio de 1955 se conoció el “Manifiesto de Russell-Einstein”. El Manifiesto Russell-Einstein fue un texto redactado por Bertrand Russell y apoyado por Albert Einstein. En medio de la Guerra Fría, los firmantes alertaban de la peligrosidad de la proliferación del armamento nuclear y solicitaban a los líderes mundiales buscar soluciones pacíficas a los conflictos internacionales. Fue firmado por once científicos e intelectuales de primera línea, el más notable de ellos Albert Einstein. Unos días después de ser mostrado, el filántropo Cyrus Eaton se ofreció a organizar una conferencia en Pugwash, Nueva Escocia (Canadá), el lugar de nacimiento de Eaton. Sería la primera de dichas conferencias, que se han ido celebrando cada año desde 1957.</span></div>
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Filosofía en Costa Ricahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913529307278002591noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3899327006290566633.post-69681081584662690772015-07-11T22:40:00.000-06:002015-07-11T16:25:38.889-06:00Stalin, Historia y crítica de una leyenda negra (+libro, +vídeos)<h5 style="margin: 3px 0px 0px; text-align: center;">
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<b><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Stalin, Historia y crítica de una leyenda negra: Un libro de Domenico Losurdo</span></b></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>“El estalinismo fue un problema filosófico aún mayor que el nazismo. </i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>Hay una diferencia básica entre las víctimas de uno y otro. Bajo el nazismo, </i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>si eras judío, estabas muerto, sin mediar palabra, </i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>no había nada que probar: eras culpable por lo que eras. </i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>En el estalinismo, la mayoría de las víctimas </i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>eran juzgadas por acusaciones falsas; </i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>la mayoría no eran traidores y fueron torturados </i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>o chantajeados hasta confesar que lo eran”.</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>“La revolución de octubre fue un gran momento. </i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>No soy unos de esos troskistas locos que opinan </i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>que si Lenin hubiera vivido tres años más </i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>y hubiera hecho un pacto con Trosky</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>no hubiera surgido el estalinismo, </i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>sino una Unión Soviética feliz y democrática. </i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>No, era una situación sin salida. </i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>El estalinismo era una necesidad </i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>y ahí radica la tragedia: </i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>¿cómo pudo ese grandioso leninismo, </i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>esa increíble explosión de nuevo</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i> pensar político, terminar en estalinismo? </i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>Aún tenemos que entender ese proceso. </i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>Tenemos que repensarlo, </i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>si de verdad queremos ser otra vez de izquierdas”</i></b>.</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" target="_blank"><b>Slavoj Žižek</b></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Iosif Visarionovich Dzhugasvilli, alias Stalin (hombre de hierro) (1879-1953) </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Nominado en dos ocasiones al Premio Nobel de la Paz, </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>la primera de ellas en 1945 por Halvdan Koht, historiador</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b> y ex ministro de relaciones exteriores noruego por </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>“sus esfuerzos en lograr el final de la II Guerra Mundial”; </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>y en 1948 por el profesor checo Vladislav Rieger. </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Stalin: El héroe nacional ruso ( Katusha, The Red Army Choir ') </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Discurso de Stalin (1941)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>¿Quiénes estuvieron detrás del desmantelamiento de la URSS? </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>por Anatoli Lukiánov </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Stalin, Historia y crítica de una leyenda negra: </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Un libro de Domenico Losurdo</b></span></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Domenico Losurdo aborda en su Stalin aspectos muy polémicos de la intervención en la historia del hombre que en la práctica dirigió la Unión Soviética durante casi tres décadas.</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hace meses que me siento frente al ordenador para escribir este artículo. Más el proyecto fue aplazado día tras día.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cuando Domenico Losurdo me ofreció Stalin -Storia e critica de una leggenda nera<a href="http://old.kaosenlared.net/#_ftn1">*</a>, ya había leído críticas sobre la obra. Más no la imaginaba.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cualquier texto sobre personas que dejaron marcas profundas en la historia, escritas sin suficiente distanciamiento temporal, crean siempre grandes problemas al autor.</span></div>
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Viví esa situación este año al publicar poco ambicioso artículo – Sobre Trotsky –Del mito a la realidad (<a href="http://www.odiario.info/">www.odiario.info</a>). En Portugal, algunos camaradas que admiro me acusaron de trotskista; en Brasil, donde el artículo, más divulgado, generó polémicas, profesores de las Universidades de Campinas y de Rio Grande do Sul me dedicaron trabajos académicos, definiéndome como stalinista ortodoxo.</div>
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Domenico Losurdo aborda en su Stalin aspectos muy polémicos de la intervención en la historia del hombre que en la práctica dirigió la Unión Soviética durante casi tres décadas. No conozco obra comparable por la ausencia de pasión y por la densidad y profundidad de la reflexión sobre el tema.</div>
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Stalin fue un revolucionario que lideró la lucha épica de la Unión Soviética contra la barbarie nazi. Por si solo ese combate en defensa de su pueblo y la humanidad le garantiza un lugar en el panteón de la Historia.</div>
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Siento, con todo, la necesidad de aclararr que nunca sentí atracción por Stalin. No admiro al hombre. Su personalidad me parece inseparable de actos y comportamientos sociales que repruebo y repudio.</div>
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La contradicción no me impide escribir este artículo, me estimula a asumir el desafío.</div>
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<b>La demonización de Stalin</b></div>
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La demonización de Stalin comenzó en los años 20, adquirió proporciones mundiales con el XX Congreso del PCUS, fue retomada durante la Perestroika y prosiguió después de la desaparición de la Unión Soviética, aunque con características diferentes. Al proclamar “el fin del comunismo”, la intelligentsia burguesa, empeñada en demostrar la inviabilidad del socialismo, diversificó la ofensiva, atribuyendo a Marx, Engels y Lenin grandes responsabilidades por el “fracaso inevitable de la utopía socialista”. Stalin sobre todo fue presentado como creador y ejecutor de una técnica de gobierno dictatorial monstruosa. La palabra stalinismo entró en el léxico político como sinónimo de un sistema de poder absoluto que habría negado el marxismo al imponer “el socialismo real” mediante métodos criminales.</div>
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No son solo académicos anticomunistas los que satanizan a Stalin. Dirigentes de partidos comunistas e historiadores marxistas, algunos de prestigio mundial, prestaron credibilidad a la condena absoluta de Stalin.</div>
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Eric Hobsbawm, el gran historiador británico que fue, en la juventud, miembro del Partido Comunista Británico, esboza en su libro La Era de los Extremos- Breve Historia del Siglo XXun retrato totalmente negativo del estadista que años antes fuera por él elogiado como revolucionario merecedor de la admiración de la humanidad.</div>
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El peso de la anatemización es tan fuerte que la Fundación Rosa Luxemburgo atribuyó en Enero pasado un premio al historiador alemán Cristoph Junke por su libro Der lange Schatten des Stalinismus, una catilinaria despiada sobre un «fenómeno histórico» que es también una «una teoría y una práctica política» que exorciza.</div>
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<b>De la Esperanza a la Realidad.</b></div>
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Sobre Stalin y su época fueron escritos cientos de libros. De los que leí ninguno me impresiónó tanto como este. La mayor parte condena al hombre y la obra. Una minoría de incondicionales hace lapología del dirigente comunista y defiende sin restricciones su intervención en la historia. Un abismo separa a los críticos como el polaco Isaac Deutscher (trotskista) de los epígonos como el belga Ludo Martens (maoísta), dos autores cuyos libros fueron publicados en portugués, en Brasil.</div>
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Losurdo, filósofo e historiador, al iluminar la época del hombre que fue el timonel de la URSS durante casi 30 años encamina al lector a una reflexión compleja, inesperada y difícil. No asume el papel de juez.</div>
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El conocimiento profundo de la historia de la Revolución Rusa y de las luchas que le marcaron el rumbo después de la muerte de Lenin le permitió situar a Stalin en ese vendaval bajo una perspectiva innovadora. Procura, como filosofo, comprender. No absuelve ni condena.</div>
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Acompañando la trayectoria de Stalin de la mano de Losurdo, el lector es llevado a conclusiones incompatibles con la leyenda negra creada en torno al personaje. Más Losurdo no reescribe la historia, no intenta interpretarla. Como investigador, fija la atención en periodos decisivos, procede a una selección de hechos y acontecimientos y sitúa a Stalin en los escenarios en los que actuó.</div>
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Casi todas las revoluciones devoran a sus hijos. La de Octubre de 1917 no fue la excepción de la regla. Cuando ella triunfó eran inimaginables las crisis y conflictos que desembocaron en la ejecución de la mayoría de los personajes más brillantes de la gran generación de bolcheviques que se proponía construir el socialismo en la Rusia atrasada y famélica.</div>
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El tiempo era de esperanza. Al clausurar el I Congreso de la Internacional Comunista, Lenin sintetizó su confianza en el futuro en una frase: “La victoria de la revolución comunista en todo el mundo está asegurada. Se aproxima la fundación de la República Soviética Internacional”.</div>
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<b>La previsión fue rápidamente desmentida por la Historia.</b></div>
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La desaparición de las ilusiones y su superación casi coincidieron con la enfermedad y muerte de Lenin. Después de la derrota de la revolución alemana, el autor del Estado y la Revolucióntuvo la percepción de que el capitalismo sobreviría por mucho tiempo y que era necesario defender a toda costa a la joven revolución rusa. Trotsky no creía en la viabilidad del “socialismo en un solo país” y, desaparecido Lenin, acuso de cobardía y oportunismo a cuantos habían renunciado a la idea de la revolución mundial.</div>
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Losurdo subraya que Stalin fue el primer dirigente soviético en afirmar que por un largo periodo histórico la humanidad continuaría dividida no solamente en diferentes sistemas sociales, sino también en diferentes identidades lingüísticas, culturales y nacionales.</div>
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En tanto Trotsky dirigía aún llamamientos a la insurrección al proletariado de Finlandia, de Polonia, de las repúblicas bálticas, y al de las grandes potencias capitalistas, Stalin criticaba las tesis sobre la exportación de la revolución. En su opinión, la correlación de fuerzas en Europa justificaba la defensa del principio de coexistencia pacífica entre países con diferentes sistemas sociales.</div>
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En una época en que muchos comunistas continuaban soñando con “el ascetismo universal”, Stalin subrayaba que el marxismo es enemigo del igualitarismo e insistía en un punto central: “sería estúpido pensar que el socialismo puede ser construido con base en la miseria y privaciones, con base en la reducción de las necesidades personales y en la caída del nivel de vida de los hombres al nivel de los pobres.”</div>
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En los capítulos en los que estudia las divergencias de fondo que opusieron a Trotsky y Stalin, Domenico Losurdo se abstiene más de una vez de críticas y elogios. Sitúa el choque en el gran cuadro de la URSS post Lenin, y resume las posiciones de ambos, recurriendo a múltiples citas.</div>
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Son particularmente interesantes las páginas en las que son confrontadas las posiciones de Trotsky y Stalin sobre los temas de organización jurídica de la sociedad, de la familia, de la propiedad y sobre todo del Estado.</div>
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La cuestión central de la extinción del Estado, prevista por Marx, y exhaustivamente analizada por Lenin, le merece una atención especial.</div>
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A las críticas de Trotsky –entonces en el exilio- a la Constitución Soviética del 36, Stalin responde que las lecciones de Marx y Engels no deben ser transformadas en dogma y en una nueva escolástica.</div>
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El Estado soviético, en lugar de caminar a su extinción, se fortalece cada vez más.</div>
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Según Stalin, el papel fundamental del Estado en la URSS “consiste en un trabajo pacifico de organización económica y en el trabajo cultural y educativo”. La antigua función represiva fue “sustituida por la función de la salvaguarda de la propiedad socialista de la acción de los ladrones y expoliadores del patrimonio del pueblo”.</div>
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Losurdo señala que, en la práctica, el Estado Soviético se desvío de esa función y recuerda que en 1938 “imperaba el terror y se ampliaba monstruosamente el Gulag”.</div>
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Más la permanencia del Estado represivo no responde a la pregunta: ¿hasta qué punto es válida la tesis de Marx sobre el debilitamiento y la extinción del Estado? ¿Debe o no mantenerse el Estado en una sociedad comunista?</div>
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Losurdo recuerda que en la posición asumida por Stalin son identificables muchas contradicciones, pero señala que al contradecir una tesis clásica de Marx, el Secretario General del PCUS actuaba en un terreno minado que lo exponía a la acusación de “traidor” lanzada por Trotsky.</div>
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A partir del inicio de los años 30, Stalin, en su lucha contra la oposición, acusa a sus miembros globalmente, de ser “agentes del enemigo”.</div>
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Exageraba. Más Trotsky, principalmente, le ofrecía argumentos que contribuían a dar credibilidad de las acusaciones que le eran dirigidas. Cuando radios de Prusia Oriental comenzaron a transmitir para la URSS textos trotskistas, Stalin sacó beneficios de esa iniciativa. Y cuando Trotsky, en las vísperas de la II Guerra Mundial, el 22 de Abril de 1939, dio su apoyo a los que pretendían “liberar a la Ucrania Soviética del yugo stalinista”, se intensificó la persecución de cuadros sospechosos de ideas trotskistas.</div>
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<b>La otra “Guerra Civil”</b></div>
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Al contrario de lo que se afirma en la Historia oficial de la Revolución Rusa editada por el PCUS, el grupo dirigente que asumió el poder en Octubre del 17 estaba ya dividido en lo tocante a problemas fundamentales de la política interna e internacional.</div>
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Los debates sobre los sindicatos, el papel del campesinado, la economía, las relaciones con las potencias capitalistas, la cuestión de las nacionalidades fueron siempre polémicos en el Politburó y en el Comité Central. Solamente el carisma y el inmenso prestigio de Lenin retardaron los conflictos sobre la orientación del Partido que se producirían después de su muerte.</div>
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Losurdo concluye que el Informe Secreto de Jruschov al XX Congreso presenta de ese periodo histórico una visión distorsionada y fantasiosa.</div>
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La tesis de Jruschov, según la cual corresponde a Stalin la responsabilidad por el asesinato en 1934 de Serguei Kirov, porque el joven dirigente estaría implicado en una vasta conspiración contra él, es rebatida por Losurdo con el apoyo de documentación recientemente divulgada. En la realidad Kirov tenía una gran admiración por Stalin que depositaba en él una confianza total.</div>
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Las conspiraciones para separar del poder a Stalin fueron muy reales, más las versiones de ellas presentadas en el Occidente por sovietólogos anticomunistas contribuyen en la opinión del filosofo marxista italiano para falsificar la historia. Y alcanzaron ese objetivo.</div>
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Domenico Losurdo es consciente de pisar un terreno peligroso en su tentativa de iluminar un Stalin diferente del dictador cruel, megalómano y vengativo cuyo perfil aparece esbozado en el Informe Secreto al XX Congreso. Esa imagen, con el aval de Jrsuchov, fue exportada por todo el mundo y acabó por ser aceptada en el Occidente como verdadera incluso por muchos dirigentes de Partidos Comunistas.</div>
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Los capítulos del libro de Losurdo que suscitaran más polémica en Italia y en otros países son por eso mismo los dedicados a las luchas en el Partido que precedieron a los Procesos de Moscú.</div>
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De alguna manera la carta de Lenin al Congreso del PCUS –leída por Krupskaya pero solamente publicada años después- estimuló en dirigentes del Partido la tendencia para luchar contra Stalin. Trotsky comenzó a conspirar con Kamenev y Zinoviev después de la muerte de Lenin.</div>
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Losurdo define el conflicto ideológico de la época como una “guerra civil” que fue permanente en el Partido hasta los últimos procesos del año 38. En la primera fase de la lucha por el poder, Stalin consiguió aislar a Trotsky de los viejos bolcheviques, desencadenando contra él una campaña en la que fue recordado su pasado menchevique y las polémicas mantenidas con Lenin.</div>
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El escritor italiano Curzio Malaparte, en un libro que fue best seller -Técnica del Golpe de Estado- publicado en Francia en 1931, fue uno de los primeros intelectuales europeos en escribir en occidente sobre los acontecimientos mal conocidos que, en el año 27, precedieron a la prisión de Trotsky, a su expulsión del Partido y al confinamiento en Alma Ata, en Kazajistán.</div>
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Una documentación importante confirma que Kamenev y Zinoviev, que se oponían a la política de Stalin pero sin enfrentarlo en el Politburó, participaron personalmente de esa conspiración. El objetivo era la separación de Stalin, pero el proyecto fracasó y el Secretario General recuperó una vez más a Zinoviev y Kamenev, aislando a Trotsky.</div>
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Bujarin, siempre imprevisible, habia sido hasta entonces –según Losurdo- como director de Izvestia, un aliado firme de Stalin, más a partir de la extinción de la NEP y del inicio de la colectivización de las tierras emprendida a ritmo acelerado y con recursos a métodos crueles, llegó a la conclusión de que la estrategia adoptada por el PCUS conduciría el país a un desastre. El dirigente que en Brest-Litovsk había liderado el ala izquierdista se dislocó a la derecha en un brusco viraje, convencido de que la revolución solamente podría sobrevivir si mudase de ritmo, adoptando una orientación democrático-burguesa, lo que significaría una regresión histórica.</div>
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Rogovin, un historiador trotskista citado por Losurdo, afirma que Stalin tomó entonces la iniciativa de desencadenar una “guerra civil preventiva” contra aquellos que pretendían derrocarlo. En ese periodo de conspiraciones laberínticas, la participación de destacados dirigentes en maniobras de bastidores fue permanente, y de ellas participaron algunos miembros de la vieja guardia bolchevique.</div>
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La apertura de los archivos soviéticos vino a esclarecer que algunos cambiaron con frecuencia de campo.</div>
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Rogovin, polemizando mucho más tarde con Solzhenitsin, afirma que, lejos de ser la expresión de “un ataque de violencia irracional e insensata”, el sanguinario terror desencadenado por Stalin fue en la realidad la única manera por la cual él consiguió quebrar la resistencia de aquello a lo que llama “las verdaderas fuerzas comunistas”.</div>
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En los procesos de Moscú los ex dirigentes bolcheviques aparecen todos como traidores. Más la palabra es brutal y la generalización deforma la historia. Antonov-Ovsenko, Preobrajenvsky, Karl Radek, Rakovsky, Bujarin, Kamenev, Zinoviev, entre otros dedicaron sus vidas a un proyecto radical de transformación de la sociedad cuya meta era el socialismo, rumbo al comunismo.</div>
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Domenico Losurdo, apoyado por fuentes creíbles, procura comprenderlos, descendiendo a las razones de comportamientos contradictorios que expresaban simultáneamente las dudas, las opciones ideológicas y la fidelidad al ideal comunista de esos revolucionarios.</div>
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En esas páginas sobre el periodo de las luchas internas de los años 20 y 30, la llamada conspiración de los militares merece atención especial. Losurdo no deja para el lector las conclusiones; en este caso no se limita a colocar los datos sobre la mesa.</div>
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En la torrencial bibliografía occidental sobre el asunto, el mariscal Tujachevsky, héroe de la guerra civil, es siempre presentado como víctima inocente del terror stalinista, arquetipo del revolucionario puro, triturado por un engranaje perverso.</div>
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Losurdo afirma que ya en 1920, durante la guerra en Polonia, Tujachevsky había evidenciado una ambición militarista preocupante al imponer la marcha sobre Varsovia que tuvo un desenlace desastroso. Pero Stalin confiaba todavia en él y lo promovió a mariscal después de las victorias alcanzadas en 36 contra Japón en Mongolia.</div>
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Transcurridos 70 años, continua siendo polémica la cuestión de los contactos secretos que Tujachevsky habría mantenido con potencias extranjeras. Más los historiadores que le atribuyen la aspiración de transformarse en el “Bonaparte de la Revolución Bolchevique” acumularon pruebas que lo comprometen.</div>
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El checoslovaco Benés, en 1937, informó a los franceses de esos contactos y Churchill, después de la II Guerra Mundial, admitió que la gran la depuración en el cuerpo de oficiales de la URSS afecto a elementos filo alemanes y, citando el nombre de Tujachevsky, afirmó que Stalin tenía una deuda de gratitud con el presidente Bénes. El embajador de los EEUU en Moscú Joseph Davies, alude también a una “conspiración de los militares”. El propio Trotsky, no obstante su odio a Stalin, afirma evasivamente, en un comentario a la ejecución de Tujachevsky y otros oficiales, que “todo depende de aquello que se entienda por conspiración”.</div>
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En su reflexión sobre la prolongada lucha librada en la dirección del PCUS después de la muerte de Lenin, Losurdo emplea repetidamente la expresión “las tres guerras civiles” para caracterizar la amplitud que asumieron las conspiraciones . La última finalizo con la ejecución de Bujarin.</div>
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El filósofo italiano subraya en su libro que Bujarin, después de la extinción de la NEP, decisión a la que se opuso, comenzó en reuniones privadas a llamar a Stalin “el representante del neotrotskismo” e “intrigante sin principios”. Fue el comienzo del viraje que paradójicamente, más de una vez lo aproximó a Trotsky que le inspiraba temor y admiración.</div>
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<b>Los orígenes del Stalinismo</b></div>
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La deformación de la historia real de Rusia comenzó en Occidente inmediatamente después del derrocamiento de la autocracia zarista. La tesis según la cual la Revolución de Febrero habría sido una revolución casi sin violencia y la de Octubre una sangrienta tragedia es un mito forjado en los países capitalistas. En la realidad murió mucho más gente en la primera que en las jornadas que precedieron al asalto del Palacio de Invierno y en los días posteriores.</div>
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Losurdo, en el capitulo en que estudia los “orígenes del stalinismo”, recuerda que Stalin, contrariamente a Trotsky, defendía la compatibilidad de un “nacionalismo sano”, del “sentimiento nacional y de la idea de patria” con la fidelidad al internacionalismo proletario. Cuando el Reich nazi invadió la URSS afirmó insistentemente que el camino para lo universal pasaba a través de la lucha de los pueblos que no aceptaban la condición de esclavos al servicio del pueblo de señores imaginado por Hitler.</div>
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Stalin es acusado de defender un concepto de Estado y una política de nacionalidades cuya aplicación reflejó contradicciones antagónicas. Pero se vivía una época en que contradicciones simultáneamente evidentes e incompatibles eran comunes en la formulación de la teoría revolucionaria. Rosa Luxemburgo criticó duramente al partido bolchevique por haber liquidado la democracia tal como la concebía, más simultáneamente le exhortaba a reprimir con puño de hierro cualquier tendencia separatista de “los pueblos sin historia”, incluyendo el de su natal Polonia. Stalin, por el contrario, defendía la necesidad de un respeto enorme por las más de cincuenta nacionalidades de Rusia y consideraba que la preservación de sus lenguas y culturas le aparecía como indisociable del progreso de Rusia revolucionaria.</div>
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Esas ideas, condensadas en un libro elogiado por Lenin, no encontraron sin embargo traducción en la praxis, sobre todo a partir de los años que ejerció como Secretario general del PCUS un poder personal casi absoluto.</div>
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Más, paradójicamente, en los últimos años de vida, Stalin reasume la defensa de las nacionalidades al combatir como utópica la idea de “una lengua única para la humanidad” “cuando el socialismo triunfe a nivel mundial”. Señalando que la lengua no es una superestructura, afirma que los idiomas no fueron creados por una clase social, sino “por todas las clases de la sociedad gracias a los esfuerzos de cientos de generaciones”.</div>
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En su denso ensayo, cuya riqueza conceptual y documental es incompatible con las síntesis breves, Losurdo fija los orígenes de aquello a que se llamó el stalinismo, en una época marcada por tensiones, conspiraciones y el hambre, al inicio de la colectivización de las tierras.</div>
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Citando la Fenomenología del Espíritu, de Hegel, y lo que el filosofo alemán pensaba de la “libertad absoluta” y del “terror”, sustenta que «el “stalinismo” no es el resultado “ni de la sed de poder de un individuo, ni de una ideología, sino del estado de excepción permanente que se implanta en Rusia a partir de 1914”».</div>
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La mayoría de los historiadores occidentales serios, recuerda, coinciden en que antes de los años 30, Stalin no era aún un autócrata. Según Werth, no existía en ese tiempo el culto a la personalidad y persistía la tradición de la dictadura del proletariado.</div>
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En 1925, en plena NEP, Stalin expresaba opiniones como esta: “hoy no es ya posible dirigir con métodos militares”;”ahora no se ejerce la máxima presión, sino la máxima flexibilidad, sea en la política, sea en la organización…” Entonces consideraba un error “identificar el Partido con el Estado” y repetía que “el socialismo es el trásito (de la fase) en que existe la dictadura del proletariado a la sociedad sin Estado”.</div>
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Fue la decisión de industrializar el país rápidamente la que provocó el viraje estratégico que desencadenó la represión sobre los campesinos. Cercada por potencias hostiles, sin acceso al capital internacional, la URSS, para financiar la industrialización recurrió a los excedentes generados por una agricultura atrasada. El proyecto de colectivización de la tierra, por la manera violenta como fue concretizado, produjo desgarros no solo en el tejido social, sino en la dirección del Partido. Se alcanzó el objetivo, pero el precio social y político fue altísimo.</div>
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Pero solamente es a partir del 37, con el Gran Terror –expresión utilizada por Losurdo- cuando la dictadura del proletariado cedió lugar a la autocracia.</div>
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En las Obras Completas de Stalin son además numerosas las páginas en que el repite que la dictadura del proletariado habría asumido un carácter muy diferente si la Guerra Mundial, anunciada con anticipación, no lo hubiese encaminado para una política de concentración del poder. ¿Sería sincero al escribir que la concibió como transitoria? Nunca lo sabremos.</div>
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Lo que está comprobado por una abundante documentación es la convicción que Stalin tenia de que después de la derrota del III Reich hitleriano se abriría a la Alianza con los EEUU e Inglaterra un gran futuro. Creyó en una era de buenas relaciones con el Occidente capitalista.</div>
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No preveía entonces para Europa Oriental fuera adecuado el tipo de regímenes que allí instaló con mano de hierro. Entendía que Polonia no debería optar por la vía de la dictadura del proletariado. “No está obligada a ello, no es necesario”. Y, hablando con dirigentes comunistas búlgaros, los sorprendió al afirmar: “es posible realizar el socialismo de un modo nuevo, sin la dictadura del proletariado”. Y cuando mantenía aún una relación cordial con Tito le dijo: “En nuestros días el socialismo es posible inclusive bajo la monarquía inglesa”.</div>
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El norteamericano Robert Conquest, el historiador de ultraderecha al que Losurdo atribuye esas palabras, señala que ellas demuestran que “Stalin estaba repensando activamente la validez universal del modelo soviético de revolución y socialismo”.</div>
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Lo que no suscita dudas es que la Guerra Fría hizo derruir eventuales planes sobre un cambio de estrategia y puso fin a la meditación ideológica sobre los modelos del socialismo. El deshielo se torno en una imposibilidad.</div>
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<b>Sobre la popularidad de Stalin</b></div>
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<b>Y los Gulag</b></div>
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Losurdo dedica muchas páginas al tema de la popularidad de Stalin. Basado en fuentes de múltiples tendencias, llama la atención para una realidad desconocida en Occidente.</div>
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Incluso durante el bienio del Gran Terror, 37-38, la base social de apoyo a la política de Stalin se amplió.</div>
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Se verifica, escribe Losurdo, “una interacción paradójica y trágica”. En consecuencia se daba, por un lado, un fuerte desarrollo económico y cultural y por otro del miedo suscitado por la represión; “decenas de millares de stajanovistas se volvieron directores de fabricas y una análoga y rapidísima movilidad social se produjo en las fuerzas armadas”.</div>
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En las vísperas de la guerra, el jefe de los traductores del Ministerio de Negocios Extranjeros del Reich, de visita a Moscú, al pasar por la Plaza Roja resumió en estas palabras la atmosfera de tranquilidad existente en la capital: “Quien estuvo en Moscú y no vio a Lenin, me dijo un miembro de la Embajada, no vale nada para la población rural rusa”.</div>
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En las campañas anticomunistas, los textos sobre los Gulags siberianos creados por Stalin y los relatos sobre el sufrimiento de los deportados funcionan como artillería pesada. Muchos libros han sido dedicados al tema, desde la novela que valió el Nobel a Solzhenitsin.</div>
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Losurdo aborda la cuestión de frente, situándola en una perspectiva poco habitual.</div>
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Estudio a fondo la documentación soviética existente en los archivos. Como ser humano y revolucionario le inspiran sentimientos de repulsa e indignación los campos de trabajo forzados, en cualquier país y cualquiera que sean los objetivos.</div>
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Esa posición no le impide denunciar la falsificación de las estadísticas occidentales que inflaron desmesuradamente la población de los Gulag, multiplicando el número de personas que pasaron por ellos y los que allí murieron. Simultáneamente, rechaza los paralelismos establecidos entre los campos de exterminio nazi y los campos de trabajo soviéticos. El universo de los campos de concentración siberianos eran un mundo de contradicciones. En la URSS – escribe Losurdo- la ley castigaba con rigor las violaciones rutinarias de los reglamentos. El propio Vishinsky, cuando era Procurador General de la Unión, denunció públicamente las condiciones intolerables de algunos Gulag donde los hombres eran tratados como “animales salvajes”.</div>
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Losurdo recuerda que en los campos soviéticos había bibliotecas para los deportados, y la dirección promovía espectáculos, conciertos y conferencias y que los prisioneros en muchos Gulag estaban autorizados a elaborar periódicos murales.</div>
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A partir del inicio de la agresión alemana, las condiciones de vida se suavizaron en casi todos los campos de trabajo soviéticos. Millares de prisioneros fueron beneficiados por una serie de amnistías y reintegrados en la sociedad o en las fuerzas armadas.</div>
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Losurdo, en una crítica frontal a la hipocresía de los intelectuales anticomunistas que reescriben la historia falsificándola, procede a un breve inventario de los horrores de campos de concentración creados por potencias occidentales cuyos dirigentes se presentan como campeones de los derechos humanos, horrores ocultados por un manto de silencio.</div>
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Australia, por ejemplo, a lo largo de casi todo el Siglo XIX, fue la Siberia oficial de la Inglaterra imperial. Los textos que reproduce esbozan un panorama de los campos de concentración australianos sólo comparable con los creados por las SS de Himler. Los aborígenes, además, eran aún cazados como animales en ese país en el inicio del siglo pasado.</div>
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¿Y qué pensar de los campos de internamiento instalados por Roosevelt para ciudadanos de origen japonés –incluyendo niños- cuyo único crimen era el origen étnico? Durante la guerra, muchos prisioneros alemanes fueron sometidos en los EEUU a torturas medievales, como la destrucción de los testículos.</div>
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Es de dominio público que en la primera mitad del Siglo XX los linchamientos de negros eran aún rutinarios en los Estados del sur del país. Ho Chi Min describe esos espectáculos macabros, tolerados por las autoridades. Asistió, angustiado a uno de ellos.</div>
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En las historias de Inglaterra, no hay prácticamente referencias a los campos de trabajo militarizados instalados en la India durante el imperio. Pero existieron y fueron escenario de crímenes repugnantes.</div>
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La desaparición de la memoria histórica de los horrores de los campos de concentración creados por Francia en Argelia es igualmente una realidad en la patria de Víctor Hugo.</div>
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En Alemania se ignora el genocidio planeado de los Herreros y de los Hotentotes en Namibia cuando aquel país era una colonia del imperio de los Hohenzollern. Fueron hacinados como animales en campos especiales por el ejército colonial del Kaiser Guillermo II.</div>
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Del genocidio de los indígenas también poco se habla en Canadá. Pero ese silencio no apaga el hecho de que el objetivo de los campos de la muerte del país fue el exterminio deliberado de tribus enteras de indios en un autentico holocausto.</div>
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La evocación de esos crímenes olvidados por los defensores occidentales de los derechos humanos ocupa muchas páginas en el libro de Losurdo.</div>
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Podría haber acrecentado una referencia al campo de Tarrafal en Cabo Verde y a los campos de concentración, como el de São Nicolau, que Salazar instaló en Angola.</div>
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<b>Stalin y los judíos</b></div>
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La satanización de Stalin en el Occidente no es solamente una constantes de las campañas anticomunistas. Historiadores europeos y estadounidenses de prestigio identificados con la ideología neoliberal cultivaron en las últimas décadas una perversa modalidad de irracionalismo en el esfuerzo de diabolizar a Stalin.</div>
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<b>La receta es primitiva: Stalin y Hitler serian “monstruos gemelos”.</b></div>
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Losurdo en el desmontaje del paralelismo y de las imaginarias afinidades entre el dirigente soviético y el Führer nazi analiza los textos de autores como la destacada escritora sionista estadounidense Ana Arendt para ridiculizar la argumentación inspirada por un anticomunismo cavernícola.</div>
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Arendt, entre otras mentiras, presenta a Stalin como un anti-semita fanático. Le atribuye una “política canibalística” contra los judíos, basada en un odio racial feroz.</div>
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El historiador Robert Conquest, portavoz de la extrema derecha norteamericana, comentando la represión en Ucrania durante la colectivización, afirma que Stalin transformó aquella República soviética en un “inmenso Bergen Belsen” (un campo de exterminio alemán).</div>
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Losurdo señala que Conquest, en uno de sus libros, editado en el ámbito de una operación político cultural anticomunista, responsabiliza a la URSS por “infamias iguales en todo a las cometidas por el Tercer Reich”.</div>
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Cabe recordar que sucesivos presidentes de los EEUU manifestaron gran aprecio por Conquest como historiador y perfilaron la tesis del Golomodor (el llamado holocausto ucraniano), transformándola en una poderosa arma de la Guerra Fría. Reagan la utiliza como instrumento ideológico en el periodo que precedió al desmembramiento de la URSS.</div>
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Losurdo, al refutar las acusaciones del antisemitismo hechas a Stalin, recuerda que después del final de la guerra, antes de la división de Palestina, el dirigente soviético adoptó “una política fundamentalmente filo hebraica”. La URSS fue además el primer país en reconocer al Estado de Israel. En un mensaje dirigido desde Paris a Ben Gurion, su ministro de Asuntos Extranjeros destaca que los delegados soviéticos actuaron como “abogados de Israel” en la Conferencia de la ONU sobre la cuestión palestina.</div>
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Los archivos del Foreign Oficce del Departamento de Estado acumulan además una documentación que confirma una realidad hoy incómoda por muchos motivos: “la Unión Soviética contribuyó de manera esencial –como escribe Losurdo- para la creación y fortalecimiento del Estado hebraico”.</div>
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Losurdo, recurriendo a citas de diferentes autores, subraya que Stalin fustigaba el antisemitismo con expresiones como “chauvinismo racial” y “canibalismo”.</div>
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Muchos de los bolcheviques más destacados de la vieja guardia eran judíos. Zhdanov, un dirigente en el cual Stalin depositó una confianza irrestricta también era judío. Y durante décadas, millares de elementos de origen hebreo ocuparon funciones de la mayor responsabilidad en el Estado Soviético.</div>
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Hitler en sus catilinarias anti-semitas atribuía a los judíos un papel decisivo en la preparación de la Revolución de Octubre. Utilizando un lenguaje infame, aludía a una “horda terrorista hebraica” de “asiáticos circuncidados” y afirmaba que la sangre judía corría en las venas de Lenin. Y decía que Stalin era un judío, no por la sangre pero si por el espíritu.</div>
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La política pró Israel de Stalin solamente dió un giro de 180 grados, asumiendo una orientación antisionista, cuando los diplomáticos de Tel Aviv, después de la visita de Golda Meier a Moscú, iniciaron contactos secretos con la comunidad hebrea de la URSS con el objetivo de estimular la emigración hacia Israel de los judíos soviéticos.</div>
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“Cada hebreo –habría dicho entonces Stalin, según Roy Medvedev- es un nacionalista, y es un agente del espionaje norteamericano”.</div>
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Losurdo aborda con cautela el tema de la alegada “conspiración” de los médicos judíos de Stalin a la cual escritores y periodistas occidentales dedicaron millares de páginas. Transcurrido más de medio siglo, el fusilamiento de algunos de esos médicos continua sucintando polémicas apasionadas dentro y fuera de Rusia. El filosofo italiano, comentando versiones contradictorias, evita una conclusión, señalando que no fueron solamente dirigentes soviéticos quienes prestaron credibilidad a la teoría del complot. El diplomático británico Sir Joe Gascoigne admitió en la época que los médicos del Kremlin eran “culpables de traición”.</div>
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<b>Comunismo antítesis del fascismo</b></div>
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La intensidad, las proporciones y la sofisticación de la campaña anticomunista en la cual uno de los objetivos era la destrucción de la imagen positiva proyectada en el mundo por la Unión Soviética produjeron en Occidente efectos prolongados y complejos que se manifiestan aún, transcurridas casi dos décadas desde la reimplantación del capitalismo en la patria de Lenin.</div>
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La ofensiva prosiguió. Los teóricos del capitalismo, creadores de slogans como “el imperio del mal” y otros similares, comprendieron que el esfuerzo para desacreditar a la URSS era insuficiente si no concentraban sus críticas en la ideología del sistema. Marx, Engels y Lenin se tornaron en los blancos preferidos de los intelectuales y de políticos empeñados en presentar al socialismo como un proyecto fracasado, no solamente utópico, sino monstruoso. Cualquier científico político mínimamente estudioso sabe que no existió hasta hoy un único régimen comunista. Pero simulando ignorar la evidencia –el comunismo es una fase superior del socialismo- los ideólogos de la burguesía insisten en llamar comunistas a los países que desarrollaron experiencias socialistas, entre ellos la URSS.</div>
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La mayoría de los Partidos Comunistas - el Portugués, el de Grecia, el AKEL chipriota son en Europa las excepciones del revisionismo- no supo reaccionar positivamente a esa ofensiva ideológica. Muchos dirigentes, por ella contaminados, no solamente participaron de las campañas de satanización de la URSS sino que renegaron de los valores de la Revolución de Octubre, llevando la capitulación al extremo de adherirse a las calumnias anticomunistas.</div>
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Registro que no faltan militantes de partidos revolucionarios que, por temor, no osan hoy asumirse públicamente como marxistas y comunistas.</div>
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Fue en el ámbito de esa ofensiva ideológica en la que académicos de grandes universidades europeas y norteamericanas forjaron la tesis según la cual el fascismo y el comunismo serían, al final, variantes de una misma concepción monstruosa de la política. Entre los muchos libros publicados sobre el tema, algunos como Orígenes del Totalitarismo, de Ana Arendt, fueron best-seller mundiales que diseminaron la mentira y la calumnia con barniz de verdad.</div>
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Domenico Losurdo en los capítulos dedicados a la psicopatología y a la moral de la literatura politica occidental de la época de Stalin ,y a la aberración de las comparaciones entre este y Hitler, desciende a los orígenes y motivaciones de la estrategia anticomunista.</div>
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Recuerda que ese trabajo tiene raíces antiguas. El Presidente Wilson, por ejemplo, era un fanático anticomunista. En su opinión, la Revolución de Octubre fue fundamentalmente un complot alemán; Lenin y otros dirigentes bolcheviques habrían estado durante años al servicio de la Alemania imperial.</div>
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Losurdo, que emplea la expresión Gran Terror con mayúsculas para designar el bienio 37-38 de los Procesos de Moscú, esboza con frontalidad el cuadro sombrío de la represión en la URSS en diferentes fases de la era de Stalin.</div>
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Alerta, además, para la hipocresía de eminentes historiadores occidentales que blanquean y omiten crímenes contra la humanidad practicados por los gobiernos y fuerzas armadas de los países capitalistas en tanto se esforzan para movilizar las conciencias contra los cometidos por los “monstruos comunistas”.</div>
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Recuerda –apenas un ejemplo - que el fusilamiento de oficiales polacos por los soviéticos en Katyn fue un crimen sin disculpas. Señala sin embargo que esa masacre abyecta ha sido utilizada exhaustivamente por la propaganda occidental en el cine, la televisión, la prensa, en libros, como prueba del carácter bárbaro del régimen soviético.</div>
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En un brevísimo inventario de algunos crímenes occidentales que no figuran o son suavizados en los manuales de Historia, Losurdo cita entre otros:</div>
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-La muerte por hambre y maltratos de dos de los tres millones de prisioneros soviéticos capturados por los Alemanes en el Frente del Este.</div>
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-La masacre cometida por los británicos de millares de mujeres y niños en el campo de concentración de Kamiti, en Kenia, después de la rebelión de los Mau Mau.</div>
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-El bombardeo genocida de Dresde por los ingleses cuando la guerra estaba en el final y el apoyo de Churchill, Roosevelt y Truman a los bombardeos terroristas de ciudades alemanes sin objetivos militares con el objetivo de aterrorizar a la población.</div>
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-La ejecución en Sicilia por orden del general Patton de soldados italianos que se habían rendido al ejército norteamericano.</div>
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-El genocidio en las Filipinas en el comienzo del Siglo XX durante la revuelta contra la ocupación norteamericana.</div>
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<b>-El exterminio total de la población aborigen de Tasmania.</b></div>
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-El rechazo a hacer prisioneros musulmanes durante la campaña de Sudan a finales del del Siglo XIX, campaña en la que Churchill participó como oficial de caballería.</div>
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-La ejecución en Taejon, en Julio de 1950, de 1700 coreanos que antes del fusilamiento fueron obligados a excavar la fosa donde fueron sepultados.</div>
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-El exterminio por el ejército de los EEUU del total de los habitantes de decenas de aldeas en Vietnam y Laos.</div>
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-La orden de Nixon en el inicio de los años 70 para que fuesen lanzadas en las áreas rurales de Camboya más bombas que cuantas habían caído en las ciudades japonesas durante toda la Segunda Guerra Mundial.</div>
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-El más trágico y abyecto de todos los crímenes contra la humanidad: el lanzamiento de la bomba atómica sobre Hiroshima y Nagasaki en Agosto de 1945.</div>
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<b>El odio no hace la Historia</b></div>
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Para los ingleses es muy contradictorio hoy reconocer que sus líderes derramaron elogios sobre Mussolini y Hitler antes de la Guerra Mundial.</div>
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Churchill declaro en 1933 que veía “el genio romano personalizado en Mussolini, el mayor legislador vivo, que mostró a muchas naciones como se puede resistir a llegar al socialismo…”</div>
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Cuatro años después, en 1937, escribió que Hitler era un político “extremadamente competente”, con una sonrisa que “desarmaba” y un “sutil magnetismo personal”.</div>
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Lloyd George, el ex Primer Ministro liberal, fue aún más apologético al definir al Führer como “un gran hombre”.</div>
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Paradójicamente, los mismos dirigentes de las grandes potencias occidentales cuyos anatemas contra la URSS y Stalin continúan siendo rutinarios en las campañas anticomunistas reconocieron públicamente la decisiva importancia de la contribución soviética para la derrota del Reich Nazi y manifestaron gran aprecio por la persona del Secretario General del PCUS.</div>
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Roosevelt, ya muy enfermo, no ocultó la impresión positiva que en la Conferencia de Teherán le causara la personalidad de Stalin, definiéndolo como un estadista de gran talento y cultura.</div>
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En la correspondencia de Churchill hoy publicada son numerosas las referencias altamente elogiosas de Stalin. Identificó en él a uno de los más dotados estadistas del Siglo XX. Eso no le impidió dar por lo dicho lo no dicho y ser el orgulloso padre de la Guerra Fría al esbozar en el famoso discurso de Fulton los peligros de aquello que llamó la “Cortina de Hierro”. Obviamente el Informe Secreto de Jruschov supuso un poderoso estimulo a la campaña de demonización de Stalin.</div>
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La apertura de los Archivos soviéticos y las memorias de mariscales que desempeñaron un gran papel en la derrota militar del III Reich constituyen el más eficaz de los desmentidos a las afirmaciones grotescas de ese Informe que presenta de Stalin la imagen de un dirigente que cayera en depresión con la invasión alemana y sin influencia directa en la conducción de la guerra patriótica.</div>
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La tesis provocadora de los “monstruos gemelos”, difundida por Ana Arendt y otros escritores anticomunistas, no pasa de una grotesca operación de marketing político. Pero continúa siendo el ingrediente utilizado en las campañas de satanización de Stalin.</div>
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Losurdo llama la atención hacia el protagonismo que Arendt más de una vez asumió en esa ofensiva, en la tentativa de forzar un paralelo entre Alemania nazi y la URSS Staliniana. La escritora sionista pretende iluminar “el origen del totalitarismo”, pero en la realidad su ensayo agrede a la Historia, configurando aquello que Lukács llama el asalto a la razón.</div>
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La obsesión de los ideólogos del neoliberalismo en lanzar puentes entre Stalin y Hitler es tan irracional que asume facetas de paranoia. Losurdo pulveriza la tesis y recuerda con fundamento que por el pensamiento y por su intervención en la Historia ellos fueron precisamente dos personalidades antagónica</div>
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En tanto que Hitler hizo del racismo un cimiento del Estado nazi, Stalin lo condeno como forma de canibalismo social y amenaza a la paz. Stalin embistió contra el mito de la superioridad de los arianos puros, sobretodo alemanes, sobre los demás pueblos. </div>
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La Unión Soviética asumió un papel decisivo en la descolonización y fue gracias a la solidaridad del Partido bajo su dirección, apoyo ideológico y ayuda material que las luchas de liberación nacional se desarrollaron victoriosamente en África, en Asia y en América Latina.</div>
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Hasta Friedrich Hayek, el economista austriaco que es considerado el padre del neoliberalismo ortodoxo, reconoce que sin la Revolución Rusa el llamado estado social no habría sido posible en Europa.</div>
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<b>Por Miguel Urbano Rodrigues | 4-9-2009 </b></div>
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<b>Traducido por Pável Blanco CabreraDisponibl en: </b></div>
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<b><a href="http://www.kaosenlared.net/noticia/stalin-historia-critica-leyenda-negra-libro-domenico-losurdo">www.kaosenlared.net/noticia/stalin-historia-critica-leyenda-negra-libro-domenico-losurdo</a></b><br />
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</span>Filosofía en Costa Ricahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913529307278002591noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3899327006290566633.post-3969789180146720602015-07-04T23:13:00.001-06:002015-07-04T23:17:04.131-06:00Jürgen Habermas: El gobierno de los banqueros<div style="text-align: right;">
<b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>La crisis griega es otra prueba de que son los ciudadanos, y no los acreedores, quienes deben decidir sobre el futuro de la UE.</i></span></b><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> </b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik3SubdPA8x7NUTRnNheAGzG20AncOn1jbW2dmTerJW2luy-Psu9QqWcUQ3rakd62iGgbLFAvcP_cAPbu-q1pHUNq65ifBwYay4JLcGBMPihuyM30Q8BChQ5kVTpMMFUSYBleYvKGadxJ6/s1600/Jurgen+Habermas+BCE+SENTENCIA+FINAL+JPG.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik3SubdPA8x7NUTRnNheAGzG20AncOn1jbW2dmTerJW2luy-Psu9QqWcUQ3rakd62iGgbLFAvcP_cAPbu-q1pHUNq65ifBwYay4JLcGBMPihuyM30Q8BChQ5kVTpMMFUSYBleYvKGadxJ6/s400/Jurgen+Habermas+BCE+SENTENCIA+FINAL+JPG.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://economia.elpais.com/economia/2015/01/14/actualidad/1421226288_838850.html" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank"><b><i>La última sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia Europeo [que permite al Banco Central Europeo (BCE) comprar deuda soberana para combatir la crisis del euro]</i></b> </a><u> </u><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">arroja una luz hiriente sobre la fallida construcción de una unión monetaria sin unión política. <b><i>Todos los ciudadanos tuvieron que agradecer en el verano de 2012 a Mario Draghi, presidente del BCE, que con una sola frase [“haré lo necesario para sostener el euro”] salvara su moneda de las desastrosas consecuencias de un colapso que parecía inminente.</i></b> Sacó las castañas del fuego al Eurogrupo al anunciar que, de ser necesario, compraría deuda pública en cantidad ilimitada. Draghi tuvo que dar un paso al frente porque los jefes de Gobierno eran incapaces de actuar en el interés común de Europa; todos estaban hipnotizados, presos de sus respectivos intereses nacionales. En aquel momento, los mercados financieros reaccionaron —relajando la tensión— frente a una única frase, a la frase con la que el jefe del BCE simuló una soberanía fiscal que no poseía en absoluto. Porque, ahora como antes, son los bancos centrales de los Estados miembros los que en última instancia avalan los créditos. El Tribunal Europeo no ha podido refrendar esta competencia en contra del texto literal de los tratados europeos; pero las consecuencias de su sentencia llevan implícito que el BCE, con escasas limitaciones, puede cumplir el papel de prestamista de última instancia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El tribunal ha bendecido una acción salvadora que no se ajusta del todo a la constitución, y el Tribunal Constitucional alemán secundará esa sentencia añadiendo las sutilezas a las que nos tiene acostumbrados. Uno tendría la tentación de afirmar que los guardianes del derecho de los tratados europeos se ven obligados a forzarlo, aunque sea indirectamente, para mitigar, caso por caso, las consecuencias indeseadas de los fallos de construcción de la unión monetaria. Defectos que solo pueden corregirse mediante una reforma de las instituciones, como juristas, politólogos y economistas llevan años demostrando.<b><i> La unión monetaria seguirá siendo inestable en tanto que no sea completada por la unión bancaria, fiscal y económica. </i></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWD73HdtISNDTa2cm4MFKd70z_daD86VTGpILnILF2QIUl6gx98CdGsmpHbze5zZ6gpzxVM7ITOdMPUrDYizxMSBU-pSgfajnKUou9fuhg0_Out_Ab4NekQTMhgwRDl0FMST_elyAtWxMs/s1600/Jurgen+Habermas+UNI%25C3%2593N+FISCAL+ECON%25C3%2593MICA+BANCARIA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWD73HdtISNDTa2cm4MFKd70z_daD86VTGpILnILF2QIUl6gx98CdGsmpHbze5zZ6gpzxVM7ITOdMPUrDYizxMSBU-pSgfajnKUou9fuhg0_Out_Ab4NekQTMhgwRDl0FMST_elyAtWxMs/s400/Jurgen+Habermas+UNI%25C3%2593N+FISCAL+ECON%25C3%2593MICA+BANCARIA.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Pero esto significa —si no queremos declarar con todo descaro que la democracia es un mero decorado— que la unión monetaria debe desarrollarse para convertirse en una unión política.</i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Aquellos acontecimientos dramáticos de 2012 explican por qué Draghi nada contra la corriente de una política miope, cabría decir insensata.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5k6oks9DhnEsemJc_TFWHGKKJoIv3d8kYITtzBl49y16sMFifmMY6cLiqLQqqzfD-98PC3cGf6yCIxbU5Qs2NI314RixYbhSu_P0NEPACcTG5sXL9Z2UlSy2sSyvuU0gHJK2ds-yRDgSh/s1600/Jurgui+versus+Angi+JPG+PLANO+FINAL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5k6oks9DhnEsemJc_TFWHGKKJoIv3d8kYITtzBl49y16sMFifmMY6cLiqLQqqzfD-98PC3cGf6yCIxbU5Qs2NI314RixYbhSu_P0NEPACcTG5sXL9Z2UlSy2sSyvuU0gHJK2ds-yRDgSh/s400/Jurgui+versus+Angi+JPG+PLANO+FINAL.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>Estamos otra vez en crisis con Atenas porque a la canciller alemana, ya en mayo de 2010, los intereses de los inversores le importaban más que una quita de la deuda para sanear la economía griega.</i></b> En este momento se ha puesto en evidencia otro déficit institucional. <b><i>El resultado de las elecciones griegas representa el voto de una nación que se defiende con una mayoría clara contra la tan humillante como deprimente miseria social de la política de austeridad impuesta al país.</i></b> El propio sentido del voto no se presta a especulaciones:<b><i> la población rechaza la prosecución de una política cuyo fracaso ha experimentado de forma drástica en sus propias carnes. Investido de esta legitimación democrática, el Gobierno griego ha intentado inducir un cambio de política en la eurozona.</i> Y ha tropezado en Bruselas con los representantes de otros 18 Gobiernos, que justifican su rechazo remitiendo fríamente a su propio mandato democrático. </b>Recordemos los primeros encuentros, cuando los novicios —que se presentaban de forma prepotente llevados por el arrebato de su triunfo— ofrecían un grotesco espectáculo de intercambio de golpes con los residentes, que reaccionaban a medias de forma paternalista, a medias de forma despectiva y rutinaria: ambas partes insistían como papagayos en que habían sido autorizadas cada una por su “pueblo” respectivo. La comicidad involuntaria de su estrecho pensamiento nacional-estatal expuso con la mayor elocuencia ante la opinión pública europea qué es lo que realmente hace falta: formar una voluntad política ciudadana común en relación con las trascendentales debilidades políticas en el núcleo europeo.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw6z6ySNBB0Zk1DrtSNfphHRKD1W5_Z36o_d0b7849Wy_AeYoaFfyPWfXaGL9kcPQ0ewWY90X6FGshvYHbIvFortySxSdVYx0P3qfoaIlWfilzY4BWX_lreu-Ered5D41bKQoNEMThlcNZ/s1600/Jurgen+Habermas+El+resultado+de+las+elecciones+griegas+FINAL+JPG.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw6z6ySNBB0Zk1DrtSNfphHRKD1W5_Z36o_d0b7849Wy_AeYoaFfyPWfXaGL9kcPQ0ewWY90X6FGshvYHbIvFortySxSdVYx0P3qfoaIlWfilzY4BWX_lreu-Ered5D41bKQoNEMThlcNZ/s400/Jurgen+Habermas+El+resultado+de+las+elecciones+griegas+FINAL+JPG.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Las negociaciones para llegar a un acuerdo en Bruselas se gripan porque ambas partes culpan de la esterilidad de sus negociaciones no a los fallos de construcción de procedimientos e instituciones, sino a la mala conducta de sus socios.<b><i> El acuerdo no fracasa por unos cuantos miles de millones de más o de menos, ni siquiera por uno u otro impuesto, sino únicamente porque los griegos exigen hacer posible que la economía y la población explotada por élites corruptas tengan la posibilidad de volver a ponerse en marcha con una quita de la deuda o una medida equivalente; por ejemplo, una moratoria de los pagos vinculada al crecimiento. Los acreedores, por el contrario, no cejan en el empeño de que se reconozca una montaña de deudas que la economía griega jamás podrá saldar.</i></b> Es indiscutible que una quita de la deuda será irremediable, a largo o a corto plazo. No obstante, los acreedores insisten en el reconocimiento formal de una carga que de hecho es imposible pagar. Hasta hace poco mantenían incluso la exigencia, literalmente fantástica, de un superávit primario superior al 4%. Es verdad que esta demanda se ha rebajado al 1%, que tampoco es realista; pero, hasta el momento, el intento de llegar a un acuerdo, del que depende el destino de la Unión Europea, ha fracasado por la exigencia de los acreedores de sostener una ficción.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNVeuxP3HBfinSMCMTz-sdd4Hw6lHgzUIHNj6i7yb5I8w7dV9ZVZ_hg2ikSXE6sODXUZlILmcxo2TFROGRiqfBSu0ICwPytQf3hNq4k5eBQX5NAEgpZdSaycHtfG_g45IAV4cVRM5qDoN9/s1600/Jurgen+Habermas+Fracaso+de+acuerdo+Bruselas+Atenas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNVeuxP3HBfinSMCMTz-sdd4Hw6lHgzUIHNj6i7yb5I8w7dV9ZVZ_hg2ikSXE6sODXUZlILmcxo2TFROGRiqfBSu0ICwPytQf3hNq4k5eBQX5NAEgpZdSaycHtfG_g45IAV4cVRM5qDoN9/s400/Jurgen+Habermas+Fracaso+de+acuerdo+Bruselas+Atenas.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Naturalmente, los<b><i> “países donantes” </i></b>tienen razones políticas para sostenerla, ya que a corto plazo eso permite demorar una decisión desagradable. <b><i>Temen, por ejemplo, un efecto dominó en otros países deudores; y Angela Merkel tampoco está segura de su propia mayoría en el Bundestag</i></b>. <b><i>Pero está fuera de toda duda la necesidad de revisar una política equivocada a la luz de sus consecuencias contraproducentes. Por otro lado, tampoco se puede culpar del desastre solo a una de las partes</i></b>. No puedo juzgar si a las maniobras tácticas del Gobierno griego subyace una estrategia meditada, ni qué hay que atribuir a imposiciones políticas, qué a la inexperiencia o a la incompetencia de los negociadores. Estas difíciles circunstancias impiden explicar por qué el Gobierno heleno pone difícil incluso a sus simpatizantes discernir un rumbo en su errático comportamiento. <b><i>No se observa ningún intento razonable de construir coaliciones; no se sabe si los nacionalistas de izquierda tienen en mente una idea un tanto etnocéntrica de la solidaridad e impulsan la permanencia en la eurozona solo por razones de astucia, o si su perspectiva va más allá del Estado nación. La exigencia de una quita de la deuda, bajo continuo de sus negociaciones, no basta para despertar en la parte contraria la confianza de que el nuevo Gobierno va a ser diferente, de que actuará con mayor energía y responsabilidad que los Ejecutivos clientelistas a los que ha sustituido. Tsipras y Syriza hubieran podido desarrollar el programa reformista de un Gobierno de izquierda y “presentárselo” a sus socios de negociación en Bruselas y Berlín.</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>La discutible actuación del Gobierno griego no suaviza un ápice el escándalo de que los políticos de Bruselas y Berlín se nieguen a tratar a sus colegas de Atenas como políticos. Aunque tienen la apariencia de políticos, solo se permiten hablar en su condición económica de acreedores</i></b>. Esa transformación en zombis busca presentar la dilatada situación de insolvencia de un Estado como un suceso apolítico propio del derecho civil, un suceso que podría dar lugar al ejercicio de acciones ante un tribunal. Pues de este modo es tanto más fácil negar una corresponsabilidad política.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQTRgV5wNcpBxRGtipAheytrV-8-sb3O2Gs3MOMBxGINzbKF0eMmHI4tPCEENTZUEBNNzKplsmFaqVSXE_LrzWk25k4pQSyIK31LF1lg3SXTnDOY5Omb4E1rx0iUCMWf1wjtBMXgDnna54/s1600/Jurgen+Habermas+Politicos+no+acreedores+JPG+FINAL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQTRgV5wNcpBxRGtipAheytrV-8-sb3O2Gs3MOMBxGINzbKF0eMmHI4tPCEENTZUEBNNzKplsmFaqVSXE_LrzWk25k4pQSyIK31LF1lg3SXTnDOY5Omb4E1rx0iUCMWf1wjtBMXgDnna54/s400/Jurgen+Habermas+Politicos+no+acreedores+JPG+FINAL.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Merkel embarcó desde el principio al Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) en sus dudosas maniobras de rescate. El FMI tiene competencias sobre las disfunciones del sistema financiero internacional; como terapeuta, vela por su estabilidad y, por tanto, actúa en el interés conjunto de los inversores, en especial de los inversores institucionales.</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Como miembros de la troika, las instituciones europeas también se funden con este actor, de tal modo que los políticos, en la medida en que actúen en esta función, pueden retirarse al papel de agentes que se rigen estrictamente por normas y a los que no se les pueden exigir responsabilidades.</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Esa disolución de la política en la conformidad con los mercados puede explicar la desvergüenza con la que los representantes del Gobierno federal alemán, todos ellos personas sin tacha moral, niegan su corresponsabilidad política en las devastadoras consecuencias sociales que han aceptado, en tanto que líderes de opinión en el Consejo Europeo, como consecuencias de la imposición de un programa neoliberal de austeridad. </b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El escándalo dentro del escándalo es la obcecación con la que el Gobierno alemán percibe su papel de liderazgo. Alemania debe el impulso inicial para su despegue económico, del que todavía se alimenta hoy, a la generosidad de las naciones acreedoras que en el Tratado de Londres de 1954 condonaron más o menos la mitad de sus deudas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pero no se trata de una puntillosidad moral, sino del núcleo político: las élites políticas de Europa no pueden seguir ocultándose de sus electores, escamoteando incluso las alternativas ante las que nos sitúa una unión monetaria políticamente incompleta. <b>Son los ciudadanos, no los banqueros, quienes tienen que decir la última palabra sobre las cuestiones que afectan al destino europeo.</b></span></div>
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<b>Jürgen Habermas es filósofo alemán. Acaba de publicar Mundo de la vida, política y religión (editorial Trotta).</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Artículo original: </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><b>El gobierno de los banqueros.</b></i> En: El País 28/6/2015 [En línea]. Disponible en: <a href="http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2015/06/26/actualidad/1435340365_023707.html">http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2015/06/26/actualidad/1435340365_023707.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* <i><b>Repolitisons le débat européen, par Jürgen Habermas</b></i> Le Monde.fr | 23.02.2014 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">En savoir plus sur <a href="http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2014/02/23/repolitisons-le-debat-europeen-par-jurgen-habermas_4366441_3232.html#RXzDtC6B3Gs3bpf7.99">http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2014/02/23/repolitisons-le-debat-europeen-par-jurgen-habermas_4366441_3232.html#RXzDtC6B3Gs3bpf7.99</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* <a href="http://ow.ly/Pa0lO" target="_blank"><b>Habermas, la conciencia crítica de Europa</b></a></span></div>
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Filosofía en Costa Ricahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913529307278002591noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3899327006290566633.post-24330974744563214072015-07-01T21:57:00.000-06:002015-07-01T22:58:55.844-06:00El Rey Pabru Presbere: Defensor de la libertad de los pueblos indígenas (+audio)<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>El Rey Pabru Presbere: Defensor de la libertad de los pueblos indígenas</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><b>La rebelión de los indígenas bajo la dirección de Pablo Presbere </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><b>(Talamanca 1709-1710</b>) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Juan Carlos Solórzano Fonseca </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Este artículo analiza la rebelión de los indígenas de Talamanca, liderados por los jefes <b>Pablo Presbere y Pedro Comesala en setiembre de 1709</b>. Esta rebelión es interpretada en el contexto de la historia de Talamanca previa a la sublevación y con relación a la presión ejercida por los indígenas misquitos, aliados de los ingleses, y de otros grupos indígenas sobre las poblaciones autóctonas talamanqueñas. Brinda información de carácter etnológico y estudia tanto la organización de la insurgencia indígena como la represión del poder hispánico en la región. Concluye con un esbozo de la figura de Pablo Presbere como el más importante símbolo de resistencia de los indígenas ante la agresión exterior. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Artículo publicado en <a href="http://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/antropologia/article/view/1969">Cuadernos de Antropología, Revista digital del laboratorio de Etnología, María Eugenia Bozzolli Vargas, de la Universidad de Costa Rica Vol. 21, Núm. 1 (2011)</a></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiyw5Yx8znN84MBvPTBn0mmXXik3YSkh_ZHYKnwKJZC4ubeQl8GW6rs35MTgS8OPAg1xYQMCqwC53z6sP4ZemQ6lBEiFbitAKXGySKKfXv_GWXJwXHiRg1xRfkGYwqAvMXdiwxi0YAtFzI/s1600/Pablo+Presbere+%2528Largo+grande%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="325" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiyw5Yx8znN84MBvPTBn0mmXXik3YSkh_ZHYKnwKJZC4ubeQl8GW6rs35MTgS8OPAg1xYQMCqwC53z6sP4ZemQ6lBEiFbitAKXGySKKfXv_GWXJwXHiRg1xRfkGYwqAvMXdiwxi0YAtFzI/s400/Pablo+Presbere+%2528Largo+grande%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Pablo Presbere (¿</span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1670" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">1670</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">?—</span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1710" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">1710</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">) fue un rey indígena de la comunidad de </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suinse" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Suinse</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">, en la región que hoy se conoce con el nombre de </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_de_Talamanca" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Talamanca</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">, al sur-este de </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Costa Rica</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">. Se le recuerda porque fue el jefe indígena que lideró la insurrección aborigen de </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_Adentro_(Costa_Rica)" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Tierra Adentro</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> contra las autoridades españolas el </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/29_de_setiembre" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">29 de setiembre</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> de </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1709" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">1709</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">, en el transcurso de la cual fueron asesinados varios frailes y soldados y la mujer de uno de éstos y se incendiaron catorce templos erigidos por los misioneros. En la rebelión lo apoyaron todos los </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C3%ADgenas" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">indígenas</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> de </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Costa Rica</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> desde el </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Chirrip%C3%B3" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Cerro Chirripó</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> hasta la </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Col%C3%B3n" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Isla Tojar</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">, en la </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bah%C3%ADa_del_Almirante&action=edit&redlink=1" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Bahía del Almirante</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">, </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Panamá</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">, con excepción de los </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viceitas&action=edit&redlink=1" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">viceitas</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">, y permitió a los aborígenes recobrar el control del territorio de Talamanca, que se convirtió en zona de refugio durante la época colonial de Costa Rica. Se le conoció como «el guerrero más temido de Talamanca».</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Algunas versiones modernas dicen que su verdadero nombre era Pabru Presberi, palabras provenientes del </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_bribri" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">idioma bribri</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. La palabra Pa-bru significa «jefe de las lapas», esto porque la </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_macao" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">guacamaya</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> era un ave muy importante en los funerales de los personajes importantes entre los </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bribri" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">bribri</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, ya que su plumaje y el consumo ritual de su carne tendría un significado mágico religioso. Presberi vendría de Pres, «lugar de aguas salobres», mientras que bere, bri o berise refiere a los lugares por donde corren las aguas en invierno. La palabra bere o bri es un sufijo muy utilizado en el lenguaje bribri para denotar zonas escarpadas: </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bribritka&action=edit&redlink=1" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bribritka</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (la nación de los bribris), </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amubre&action=edit&redlink=1" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Amubre</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (Amubri), Kachabri, Pumbre, etc. De este modo, la palabra Presbere tendría que ver con el lugar de nacimiento o donde provenía Pablo Presbere, específicamente de una quebrada u hondonada cercana al río Tswi’tsi (</span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suinse" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Suinse</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">), que significa «espalda de armadillo». Pabru Presberi significaría, entonces, «el jefe de las lapas que viene del lugar donde corren las aguas salobres».</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Según hipótesis del antropólogo e historiador Claudio Barrantes, Presbere fue un jefe </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bribri" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">bribri</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> del </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%C3%ADo_Co%C3%A9n&action=edit&redlink=1" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">río Coén</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, específicamente del lugar llamado </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suinse" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Suinse</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, región vinculada más a actividades de carácter mágico que a la guerra. El temor que infundía Pablo Presbere se explicaría más por su relación con el </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kap%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">kapá</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (máxima autoridad, señor), término muy formal para referirse a grandes autoridades del mundo mitológico pero con características humanas, y también es el nombre que se le da a los sumos sacerdotes. Presbere habría sido un </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Us%C3%A9kar&action=edit&redlink=1" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">usékar</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, máximo líder religioso a quien se atribuyen poderes sobrenaturales, no así un guerrero, circunstancia que lo convirtió en líder de una gran rebelión planificada que unificó a los indígenas talamanqueños, ya que cabécares, bribris y terbis por lo general mantenían diferencias entre sí. En una carta de los frailes franciscanos </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pablo_de_Rebullida&action=edit&redlink=1" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pablo de Rebullida</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> y </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_de_Zamora_(fraile)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Antonio de Zamora</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> se consigna que, en una entrada de estos religiosos acompañados de soldados a Talamanca en el año de 1706, el cacique de </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suinse" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Suinse</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> había rehusado a bautizarse y había mostrado gran oposición a los misioneros, hasta que, probablemente por temor a los soldados o para ganar tiempo mientras maduraba su rebelión, había aceptado el </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bautismo" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">bautismo</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> con el nombre de Pablo, nombre escogido a partir del original de este líder: Pabru.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El motivo del levantamiento indígena de 1709 fue la intercepción, por parte de Presbere, de una carta en la que se daba orden de desarraigar a los indígenas de Talamanca de sus tierras y trasladarlos, por la fuerza, a los poblados de Boruca, Chirripó y </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teotique&action=edit&redlink=1" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Teotique</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. Reunido secretamente en Suinse con el líder de los </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cab%C3%A9car" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">cabécares</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comesala" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Comesala</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, ambos jefes organizaron sigilosamente el acopio de lanzas fabricadas con madera endurecida al fuego y rodelas (</span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escudo" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">escudos</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">) de cuero.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_de_setiembre">28 de setiembre</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> de </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1709">1709</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, al mando de un grupo de </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cab%C3%A9car">cabécares</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> y </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teribes&action=edit&redlink=1">teribes</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, y aliado al jefe </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cab%C3%A9car">cabécar</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comesala">Comesala</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, Presbere atacó el convento de Urinama, donde murieron fray </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pablo_de_Rebullida&action=edit&redlink=1">Pablo de Rebullida</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> - quien tenía 15 años de residir en Talamanca y hablaba siete idiomas indígenas - y dos soldados. Rebullida murió de una lanzada y su cadáver fue decapitado, pues entre estos indígenas apropiarse de la cabeza de un enemigo significaba apropiarse de los poderes que este tenía en vida. Luego de atacar Urinama, el ejército de Presbere se dirigió hacia Chirripó, donde fue muerto otro fraile, Antonio de Zamora, dos soldados, una mujer y su hijo, así como algunos indígenas </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C3%B3lito">acólitos</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> de los frailes. Siguieron su camino hacia Cabécar, donde murieron cinco soldados españoles, mientras que los dieciocho restantes huyeron hacia Tuis, a doce</span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legua">leguas</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> de </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartago_(Costa_Rica)">Cartago</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, donde intentaron resistir, pero luego optaron por seguir hacia Cartago. Los indios en armas quemaron catorce iglesias fundadas por los misioneros, los conventos y casas de cabildo, y destruyeron las imágenes y objetos sagrados de los frailes, pues estos eran símbolo de la amenaza que representaban a su orden tradicional.</span></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pablo Presbere asalta el pueblo de San Bartolomé de Urinama, </b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">donde mueren el fraile Pablo de Rebullida y dos soldados españoles.</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Las autoridades de Cartago decidieron efectuar una expedición de castigo. El gobernador y capitán general de la<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_de_Costa_Rica">provincia de Costa Rica</a>, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Antonio_de_Granda_y_Balb%C3%ADn">Lorenzo Antonio de Granda y Balbín</a>, solicitó a la <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiencia_de_Guatemala">Audiencia de Guatemala</a> el envío de 75 armas de fuego, cien armas blancas, 800 libras de pólvora, 4 mil balas y 4 mil pesos. Se organizó en Cartago, en febrero de 1710, un ejército de 200 hombres que atacó Talamanca por dos flancos, utilizando el poblado de San José Cabécar como cuartel general. Presbere fue a refugiarse a la aldea de Viceita con toda su gente, y tras una dura refriega, finalmente los viceitas se vieron forzados a entregarlo. Se capturó a Presbere, a los jefes indígenas de Talamanca Siruro, Bocri, Iruscara, Bettuqui y Dapari, y a 700 indígenas, tras un mes de búsqueda por las montañas. El otro líder de la revuelta, Comesala, logró escapar.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cabe destacar que del total de los 700 indígenas capturados, para su uso como esclavos, a su llegada a Cartago el número fue de 500, mientras que 200 murieron en el camino o escaparon. Nueve años después de su captura, el gobernador de Costa Rica informaba que de estos 500, 300 habían muerto a causa de la </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruela" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">viruela</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">y el </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarampi%C3%B3n" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">sarampión</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">En Cartago, Presbere y los otros líderes indígenas fueron sometidos a juicio por el gobernador </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Antonio_de_Granda_y_Balb%C3%ADn" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lorenzo Antonio de Granda y Balbín</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. En el juicio, Presbere no admitió ninguna responsabilidad en la sublevación y afirmó que se hallaba en otro pueblo cuando ocurrieron los hechos. Se negó a delatar a ninguno de sus compañeros de lucha. Por el contrario, los demás indígenas procesados con él lo señalaron como caudillo de la insurrección. Los documentos consignan su comportamiento altivo. Dio su testimonio en su lengua nativa, la </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_bribri" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">bribri</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, pues no hablaba español. Como justificación de la rebelión, dijo que había sido informado que los frailes escribían cartas pidiendo soldados para sacar a los indígenas de sus pueblos. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_de_julio" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1 de julio</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> de </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1710" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1710</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Presbere fue sentenciado a morir arcabuceado, ya que Costa Rica no contaba con </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdugo" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">verdugo</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> para aplicar la cruel muerte típica de la época colonial llamada «</span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrote_vil" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">garrote vil</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">», la cual consistía en que al preso se le sentaba en una silla para aplicarle un torniquete en el cuello al cual se le daba vuelta lentamente. Se le atribuyó el cargo de rebeldía al Rey.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">La sentencia dice así:</span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"Fallo que de condenar al dicho Pablo Presbere, por lo que contra él está probado, sin embargo, de la negativa que tiene hecha en su confesión, que sea sacado del cuarto donde le tengo preso y puesto sobre una bestia de enjalma y llevado por las calles públicas de esta ciudad con voz de <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregonero">pregonero</a> que diga y declare su delito, y estramuros de ella, arrimado a un palo, vendado los ojos, ad módum deli sea arcabuzceado, atento a no haber en ella verdugo que sepa dar garrote; y luego que sea muerto le sea cortada la cabeza y puesta en alto que todos la vean en el dicho palo</span></i>"</b></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">La ejecución de Pablo Presbere se efectuó el <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_de_julio">4 de julio</a> de <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1710">1710</a>. Tenía aproximadamente 40 años de edad.</span></div>
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<span class="mw-headline"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Pablo_Presbere_Album_de_Figueroa_(2).jpg/240px-Pablo_Presbere_Album_de_Figueroa_(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Pablo_Presbere_Album_de_Figueroa_(2).jpg/240px-Pablo_Presbere_Album_de_Figueroa_(2).jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Ejecución de Pablo Presbere en <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartago_(Costa_Rica)">Cartago</a> el 4 de julio de 1710.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Legado </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tras la insurrección de Pablo Presbere, los indígenas de </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_de_Talamanca" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Talamanca</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> reforzaron su identidad y dominio en ese territorio, incrementando su función como zona de refugio para los aborígenes que lograban escapar al dominio español. En cierta forma, esto permitió la subsistencia de las tradiciones, identidad e idioma de estas culturas hasta nuestros días. La rebelión de Presbere se sigue considerando como la máxima acción de protesta del indígena talamanqueño ante el sometimiento español. Aún con la captura de los 700 indígenas, desde el punto de vista de estos la rebelión fue un éxito, ya que los españoles tuvieron que abandonar la región del Caribe sur como consecuencia de la misma, lo que permitió a Talamanca recuperar su independencia y soberanía. El nombre de Presbere quedó grabado en la</span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoria_colectiva" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">memoria colectiva</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> de los indígenas talamanqueños como símbolo de la resistencia ante los invasores foráneos. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El miércoles </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_de_marzo" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">19 de marzo</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> de </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1997</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, la </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asamblea_Legislativa_de_Costa_Rica" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Asamblea Legislativa de Costa Rica</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> declaró a Pablo Presbere defensor de la libertad de los pueblos indígenas. Pablo Presbere fue declarado </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benem%C3%A9rito_de_la_patria" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">benemérito de la patria</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> en el área de defensores de la libertad por ley 7669 del 9 de abril de 1997, publicado en el periódico oficial La Gaceta N°3 del 9 de mayo de 1997.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">En Costa Rica se le han dedicado varios monumentos: uno de 3.12 m de alto, hecho en cobre, que se encuentra frente a la Municipalidad de <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cant%C3%B3n_de_Lim%C3%B3n">Limón</a>, inaugurada en 1993, y otra que es un busto en bronce que se halla en el patio de la Asamblea Legislativa de Costa Rica</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Fuente:</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pablo Presbere. (2015, 25 de febrero). Wikipedia, La enciclopedia libre. Fecha de consulta: 03:49, julio 2, 2015 desde<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pablo_Presbere&oldid=80261721"> https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pablo_Presbere&oldid=80261721</a>.<br /><b><span style="font-size: large;">Ver también:</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sánchez, Julio César.<i> El legado de Pablo Presbere. </i>Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. [En línea] Disponible en:<a href="http://www.museocostarica.go.cr/es_cr/aportes/el-legado-de-pablo-presbere.html?Itemid=64" target="_blank"> http://www.museocostarica.go.cr/es_cr/aportes/el-legado-de-pablo-presbere.html?Itemid=64</a></span></span><a href="http://www.museocostarica.go.cr/es_cr/aportes/el-legado-de-pablo-presbere.html?Itemid=64"></a></div>
Filosofía en Costa Ricahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913529307278002591noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3899327006290566633.post-4138139088006238432015-06-28T20:46:00.000-06:002015-06-28T19:11:25.804-06:00Experimento "Hayek-Friedman" en el Chile de Pinochet (+vídeo,+carta)<div style="text-align: center;">
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<b><span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Milton Friedman y Friedrich A. von Hayek, </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">miembros de la Sociedad Mont Pelerin, </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">de economía austriaca </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">y su vínculo con el dictador Augusto Pinochet en Chile</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>(Extracto de la Doctrina de Shock, Naomi Klein)</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiivf05Lrw-sO6lFjjovf1pt5RJWQ6istDRwSWy9PHAGLiSe4Zw9mTxdJBGQFDkH-EsV28XXWWHXrTH1uobhwins00pqh6cLYsEz9RXxhGMAnK6QOcz-O2152Q1_5uVRobRZEi5CWz_OP_s/s1600/Hayek-Pinochet+FINAL+%2528Peque%25C3%25B1o%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiivf05Lrw-sO6lFjjovf1pt5RJWQ6istDRwSWy9PHAGLiSe4Zw9mTxdJBGQFDkH-EsV28XXWWHXrTH1uobhwins00pqh6cLYsEz9RXxhGMAnK6QOcz-O2152Q1_5uVRobRZEi5CWz_OP_s/s400/Hayek-Pinochet+FINAL+%2528Peque%25C3%25B1o%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>F. A. Hayek y dictador chileno Augusto Pinochet</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Carta al Times de Londres de FA von Hayek en apoyo del "Defensor pacis"(Defensor de la Paz) de Pinochet (11 de julio 1978), en respuesta a una carta de lector: William Wallace, al acusar a Hayek de favorecer a los gobiernos autoritarios.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Señor,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Apreciaría que pueda encontrar en breve, un espacio en sus columnas, para publicar esta respuesta, requerida evidentemente, a lo expuesto por el Sr. William Wallace (24 de julio). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>"Nunca he afirmado, sin duda que los gobiernos autoritarios en general son más propensos a asegurar la libertad individual que los democráticos, sino todo lo contrario. Esto no significa, sin embargo, que en algunas circunstancias históricas, la libertad personal, no podría haber sido mejor defendida, bajo un gobierno autoritario que en un gobierno democrático. Esto ha sido cierto ocasionalmente desde el comienzos de la democracia en la antigua Atenas, donde la libertad de los sujetos fue, sin duda mejor, bajo los "30 tiranos", que bajo la democracia que mató a Sócrates y envió decenas de sus mejores hombres al exilio por decretos arbitrarios.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>En los tiempos modernos ha habido, por supuesto, muchos casos de gobiernos autoritarios en los que la libertad personal estaba más segura, que en bajo las democracias. Nunca he oído hablar algo en contra de los primeros años del Dr. Salazar en su temprano gobierno, en Portugal y dudo si existe hoy en día en cualquier democracia en Europa del Este o en los continentes de África, América del Sur o Asia (con la excepción de Israel, Singapur y Hong Kong), una la libertad personal, que se encuentre tan segura, como la que se encontraba entonces en Portugal.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Más recientemente no he podido encontrar una sola persona incluso en el tan difamado Chile que no esté de acuerdo que la libertad personal es mucho mayor bajo Pinochet, que la que tenían bajo el gobierno de Allende. Tampoco he oído a ningún reclamo, por parte de una persona sensata, que en los principados de Mónaco o Liechtenstein, -y según me han dicho-, que no son precisamente democráticos, la libertad personal, es menor que en cualquier otro lugar!.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Que una democracia limitada es probablemente la mejor forma posible conocida de gobierno, no significa que la podemos tener por todas partes, o incluso de que ella misma se convierta en un valor supremo, tal que, esta fuese el mejor medio para asegurar la paz, como un "defensor pacis" o instrumento de cambio pacífico de gobierno. De hecho nuestros doctrinarios de la democracia, claramente deben tomar más en serio la cuestión de cuándo una democracia es posible.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Tal vez puedan ser inducidos a reflexionar sobre este punto, señalando en su lugar, que una democracia directa, está basada en una asamblea de todos los ciudadanos, pero, una democracia no puede crearse a sí misma, -sino que debe siempre ser el producto de la decisión autoritaria de unos pocos- y así estos, establecerán cuáles serán los procedimientos y cuestiones que serán consultado por medio de algún plebiscito. Después de todo, algunas democracias, han sido posibles, por medio del poder militar de algunos Generales. Y con ello también, salgo de mis viejas dudas sobre si una democracia puede mantenerse en un país que no tenga ya establecidas diferentes instituciones, lo cual enseña que la que la tradición del imperio de esta la ley ha sido, sin duda ha sido confirmada por esta historia reciente."</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Le saluda atentamente,</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>F.A Hayek</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>D7800 Freiburg (Breisgua),</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Alemania Occidental</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>26 de julio .</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Letter to Times of London from F. A. von Hayek in support of Pinochet’s defensor pacis (July 11, 1978), responding to a letter by reader William Wallace accusing Hayek of favoring authoritarian governments.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sir, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Though I can scarcely expect you to find space in your columns for the instruction Mr William Wallace (July 24) evidently needs, I shall appreciate it if you can do so for a brief reply.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>"I have certainly never contended that generally authoritarian governments are more likely to secure individual liberty than democratic ones, but rather the contrary. This does not mean, however, that in some historical circumstances personal liberty may not have been better protected under an authoritarian than democratic government. This has occasionally been true since the beginning of democracy in ancient Athens, where the liberty of the subjects was undoubtedly safer under the ’30 tyrants’ than under the democracy which killed Socrates and sent dozens of its best men into exile by arbitrary decrees.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>In Modern times there have of course been many instances of authoritarian governments under which personal liberty was safer than under democracies. I have never heard anything to the contrary of the early years of Dr Salazar’s early government in Portugal and I doubt whether there is today in any democracy in Eastern Europe or on the continents of Africa, South America or Asia (with the exception of Israel, Singapore and Hongkong), personal liberty as well secured as it was then in Portugal.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>More recently I have not been able to find a single person even in much maligned Chile who did not agree that personal freedom was much greater under Pinochet than it had been under Allende. Nor have I heard any sensible person claim that in the principalities of Monaco or Lichtenstein, which I am told are not precisely democratic, personal liberty is smaller than anywhere else! </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>That a limited democracy is probably the best possible known form of government does not mean that we can have it everywhere, or even that it is itself a supreme value rather than the best means to secure peace, a defensor pacis or instrument of peaceful change of government. Indeed our doctrinaire democrats clearly ought to take more seriously the question when democracy is possible.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Perhaps they can be induced to reflect on this by pointing to the truism that, except in the direct democracy based on an assembly of all citizens, a democracy can never create itself but must always be the product of the authoritarian decision of a few – and be this only the decisions about the questions to be asked and the procedure to be followed in a plebiscite. After all, some democracies have been made possible only by the military power of some generals. And my old doubts whether a democracy can be maintained in a country which has not by different institutions been taught the tradition of the rule of law has certainly been only confirmed by recent history."</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Yours faithfully,</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>F.A Hayek</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Urachstrasse 27</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>D7800 Freiburg (Breisgua),</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>West Germany</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>July 26.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Fuentes directas:</b></span><br />
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<li><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/104867128/PDF/FILOSOFIA/Filosof%C3%ADa%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina/F%20von%20Hayek%20y%20A%20Pinochet/Letter%20from%20FA%20Von%20Hayek-In%20Support%20of%20Pinochets%20Defensor%20Pacis%28%20July-11-1978%29.pdf" target="_blank">Letter from FA Von Hayek-In Support of Pinochets Defensor Pacis( July-11-1978)</a></span></b></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://www.economicthought.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/LibertyCleanOfImpuritiesInterviewWithFVonHayekChile1981.pdf" target="_blank">Extracts from an Interview Friedrich von Hayek. "El Mercurio" (p. D8-D9), 12 April 1981, Santiago de Chile</a></b></span></li>
<li><a href="http://www.econlib.org/library/Essays/hykKnw1.html" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank"><b>Hayek, Friedrich A. (Sep. 1945) <i>"The Use of Knowledge in Society"</i> American Economic Review. XXXV, No. 4. pp. 519-30.</b></a></li>
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<span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Referencias sobre F. Hayek:</b></span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://www.cepchile.cl/dms/archivo_5898_3694/rev137_BCaldwell-LMontes.pdf" target="_blank">Hayek y sus dos visitas a Chile</a></b></span></li>
<li><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://hoy.com.do/el-camino-de-hayek-a-pinochet/" target="_blank">El camino de Hayek a Pinochet</a></b></li>
<li><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://puntodevistaeconomico.wordpress.com/2011/05/26/hayek-pinochet-y-la-democracia/" target="_blank">Hayek, Pinochet y la Democracia Ilimitada</a></b></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://www.sinpermiso.info/textos/index.php?id=6828" target="_blank">Una carta de Hayek a Salazar y los neoliberales autoritarios, a propósito de la Unión Europea y el Estado Social</a></b></span></li>
<li><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://elpais.com/diario/1999/06/22/opinion/930002403_850215.html" target="_blank">Hayek, Pinochet y algún otro más</a></b></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://friedrich%20von%20hayek%2C%20el%20padre%20del%20neoliberalismo/" target="_blank">Friedrich von Hayek, el padre del neoliberalismo</a></span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://coreyrobin.com/2012/07/08/hayek-von-pinochet/" target="_blank">Hayek von Pinochet</a></span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://coreyrobin.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/hayekchile.pdf" target="_blank">Preventing the “Abuses” of Democracy: Hayek, the “Military Usurper” and Transitional Dictatorship in Chile?</a></span></b></li>
<li><a href="http://offsettingbehaviour.blogspot.com/2010/07/stopping-points-on-road-to-serfdom.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Stopping points on the Road to Serfdom </b></span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://crookedtimber.org/2010/10/01/hayeks-zombie-idea/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Hayek’s Zombie Idea</b></span></a></li>
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<span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Ver también: </b></span><br />
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<li><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://filosofiacr.blogspot.com/2012/08/salvador-allende-y-el-marxismo-en.html" target="_blank">Salvador Allende y el marxismo en América Latina</a></span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://filosofiacr.wordpress.com/2013/05/05/salvador-allende-vida-y-muerte-la-cia-y-el-golpe-de-estado-del-11973-video/" target="_blank">Salvador Allende: Vida y muerte. La CIA y el golpe de Estado del 11/9/73 (+ Vídeo)</a></span></b></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://filosofiacr.tumblr.com/post/87666769355/isabel-allende-pinochet-sin-odio" target="_blank">Isabel Allende: Pinochet sin odio</a></b></span></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=168779" target="_blank">Augusto Pinochet y el nuevo orden mundial </a></span></b></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://mamvas.blogspot.com/2012/11/pierre-bourdieu-la-esencia-del.html" target="_blank">Bourdieu, Pierre: La esencia del neoliberalismo</a></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://mamvas.blogspot.com/p/origen-del-neoliberalismo.html" target="_blank">A 60 años del origen del Neoliberalismo</a></b></span></li>
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<span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>El ocaso del miedo (Chile, 2011, Documental, Sinopsis)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El ocaso del miedo, un cortometraje documental que presenta una secuencia viva que retrata las calles de Santiago en el contexto de las movilizaciones estudiantiles por la educación gratuita, siendo un testimonio audiovisual del enfrentamiento entre los manifestantes y el fuerte estado policial. El estilo del vídeo se enmarca dentro del plano secuencia sin comentario, invisibilizando el montaje y permitiendo al expectador ser parte de un viaje por las calles que fueron escenario de la protesta social. <b>El cortometraje es dedicado a Manuel Gutiérrez, quien fue asesinado por la policía en la madrugada del 26 de Agosto, según el testimonio de quienes le acompañaban.</b></span></div>
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<b><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Rebelión ahora de Rodrigo Gonçalves (Chile, 1983)</span></b></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Film sobre la privatización de la educación en Chile impuesta por la dictadura económica de Pinochet. El pueblo comienza a manifestarse, exigiendo democracia.Este documental fue filmado en forma clandestina en <b>Chile en 1983 </b>y finalizado con el apoyo del <b>Instituto de Cine de Mozambique. </b></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>(Fuente: Colección Off The Record Cine).</b></span><br />
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Filosofía en Costa Ricahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913529307278002591noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3899327006290566633.post-16509621556784576482015-06-22T17:35:00.000-06:002015-10-07T10:28:09.907-06:00Slavoj Žižek: Crisis en social democracia y futuro de la izquierda (Vídeo, 2012)(Entrevista)<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="https://vimeo.com/131396803">Slavoj Žižek: Crisis en social democracia y futuro de la izquierda (2012,Leftvision)</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Slavoj Zizek, disertación en: <a href="http://www.leftvision.de/" target="_blank">Leftvision</a>, plataforma de televisión crítica y alternativa. </b></span><br />
<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(Plattform, für kritisches und alternatives Fernsehen, <a href="http://leftvision.de/">leftvision.de</a>).</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">«Estoy harto de esa izquierda que ni siquiera desea ganar» </span></b><b><span style="font-size: large;">Slavoj Zizek (Entrevista*)</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Si un pensador puede estar de moda, el del momento actual es el esloveno <b><i>Slavoj Žižek. Nacido en Liubliana en 1949</i></b>, su obra se caracteriza por atender a los movimientos sociales y culturales de hoy, desde una perspectiva en la que se abrazan <b>Lacan y Marx</b>, pero donde no es extraño que se cite el cine de<b> Lars von Trier, los dibujos animados de la Warner Bros, los ensayos de Eliot o el éxito Gangnam Style.</b> Un pensador que escribe para que se le entienda, y que odia aburrir. </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=193068" target="_blank">Acontecimiento</a></b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, recién publicado en España por Sexto Piso, es la última entrega de una producción incesante.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Al teléfono, Zizek es un conversador entusiasta, que apenas necesita el estímulo de una pregunta para lanzar su discurso y derivar de una reflexión a otra, sin perder nunca el hilo. Es fácil imaginarlo al frente de un aula, fascinando a todo el auditorio.</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Se le considera como el gran filósofo de la izquierda en Europa. ¿Es una pesada responsabilidad?</b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sí, pero porque mi mensaje es pesimista. La izquierda está aún sumida en una profunda crisis, y lo único que nos puede salvar es una nueva izquierda. Las protestas que estallaron en todas partes hace dos o tres años, estaba claro en contra de qué estaban. ¿Pero a favor de qué? ¿Una idea keynesiana? ¿Una reforma del capitalismo? Yo puedo lanzar preguntas, mostrar qué es lo que no funciona hoy, perfilar problemas, pero no tengo respuestas concretas.</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Uri Avnery dijo que la izquierda israelí necesita empezar de cero, evitando el error del que quiso deshacerse de un bumerán y lo lanzó…</b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Totalmente de acuerdo. Como dijo mi amigo </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Alain Badiou</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">: </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>el siglo XX ha terminado</i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Todas las formas de izquierda del siglo XX, <b>el comunismo estalinista, el Estado de bienestar socialdemócrata, </b>pero también todos estos <b>sueños secretos de democracia directa, movilización permanente, consejos de comunidades locales donde la gente se autoorganiza</b>…. No creo que nada lleve a una solución.</i><br />
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">¿Cuál ha sido el punto crítico?</b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pues que no solo en Europa, sino en cualquier parte, algunos políticos o partidos de </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">izquierdas más radicales</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> llegan al poder y la gente está llena de esperanza, piensa que las cosas pueden mejorar, pero luego hay una</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> desilusión.</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Por ejemplo, </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sudáfrica.</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Todos éramos felices cuando el Congreso Nacional Africano de Mandela llegó al poder; y tal vez ahora las cosas estén un poco mejor. Pero todos los problemas siguen ahí. Lo mismo con el </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">populismo latinoamericano</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. Europa lo mira: allí tienen la fórmula… ¡No, no la tienen! Yo nunca me he fiado de ese modelo.</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pero sí pone su esperanza en Alexis Tsipras, del partido griego Syriza ¿verdad?</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sí, ¿sabe por qué? <b><i>Estoy harto de esa izquierda marginal que no solo sabe que nunca llegará al poder, sino que secretamente ni siquiera lo desea</i></b>. De Syriza admiro esa seria voluntad de gobernar, de jugar. Pero las cosas serán extremamente complicadas para ellos. <b>Pongamos que gana las próximas elecciones.</b> Tendrán en contra a una enorme mayoría del aparato del Estado; porque <b>Grecia es un gran Estado clientelar</b>, donde dos millones de personas son empleados públicos, con sus chanchullos. Pero deberían ser valientes, intentarlo. Como <b>Napoleón</b>: <b><i>On attaque, et on verra. Atacas y luego ya verás.</i></b></span></div>
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<b>¿Les pide la izquierda algún consejo a ustedes, los pensadores?</b></div>
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Muchos se dirigen a nosotros, esperando que en algún momento daremos la gran respuesta. No, no tenemos la fórmula. Mira al grupo de izquierda moderada más popular de ahora, <b><i>Krugman, Stiglitz, cercanos a los keynesianos</i></b>… Lo que dicen es muy modesto. Quieren el mismo capitalismo, un poco reformado, con una salida de emergencia para los ricos. No creo que esto vaya a funcionar. Ni siquiera creo que sea posible hacerlo.</div>
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<b>Desconfía de la democracia básica y asamblearia. ¿Sigue el movimiento de Pablo Iglesias?</b></div>
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<b>Sí, yo soy un gran oportunista. ¡A intentarlo siempre! ¡Todo! </b>Y mientras se vaya haciendo, puede que surja algo nuevo, aunque no sea lo que te esperabas. Dirá usted: <b><i>si soy tan pesimista ¿para qué empezar algo? </i>Porque de verdad pienso que el capitalismo, se ha cavado su propia tumba. No creo que haya una catástrofe inmediata, pero a largo plazo…</b> <b>Lo que hay en el horizonte es la desaparición gradual de la democracia.</b> No hablo de un golpe fascista, sino de que l<b><i>os mecanismos democráticos son cada vez más irrelevantes. </i></b>Para decirlo en forma de chiste: Hollywood lo sabe. Todos sus grandes éxitos, últimamente, Los juegos del hambre, etcétera, son una visión de una sociedad nueva de clases, postapocalíptica, con apartheid, con organismos ricos depredando a los pobres. Es una tendencia mundial. La ecología… ¿cómo se resuelve eso?.<br />
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<b>Difícil, muy difícil…</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Casi no hacemos nada. Incluso la propiedad intelectual, me parece interesante. Ya estamos entrando en una fase de comunismo salvaje en este aspecto.</b> La gente se baja de internet películas, música, normalmente copias piratas, ilegales. Pero no sabemos cómo reorganizar la economía legal. ¿Cómo coordinarlo, quién lo controlará? Veo muchos problemas. Y no veo soluciones. Esta es mi posición trágica, si quieres.</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Carencia de coordinación y control, ¿no sería más anarquismo que comunismo?</b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ah, no… No olvidemos: para que funcione lo de la propiedad intelectual se necesita una estructura de mecanismos globales muy potentes. No, creo que nuestro problema hoy día no es la democracia local. </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nuestro problema son las nuevas formas de organización global.</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> ¿Cómo tratar la ecología? No a través de iniciativas locales. Dios, </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">necesitamos iniciativas globales megagrandes, mucho mayores que un único Estado.</b><br />
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Niall Ferguson dijo que la globalización hoy día no hace más que recuperar el nivel que había a finales del siglo XIX, época colonial, cuando mercancías y personas viajaban por todo el mundo</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sí, pero al mismo tiempo es algo muy paradójico.</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Me gusta lo que escribió mi amigo, por otra parte más bien de derechas, el filósofo alemán Peter Sloterdijk:</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>que la globalización no es simplemente que todos vivimos en una aldea global, sino que también es como un globo, un espacio cubierto, aislado. Algunos están dentro, la mayoría fuera, pero no tenemos realmente contacto con ellos. Los bienes circulan cada vez más, pero para las personas, incluso tras la caída del Muro de Berlín, ahora surgen por todas partes nuevos muros. En África del Norte, el Muro de Cisjordania, la frontera de Estados Unidos con México, etcétera. Capitalismo global significa nuevas formas de apartheid.</i></b><br />
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Y la vieja consigna comunista de Obreros del mundo uníos ¿ya no vale?</b><br />
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El problema es: quiénes son hoy esos obreros</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. El primer paso es identificarlos, ubicarlos. </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ya no es una única clase obrera, como para Marx.</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Sabemos que tenemos cada vez a más personas en paro, trabajadores precarios… Por decirlo </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>de manera irónica, hoy la posición de un clásico obrero explotado –vale, te explotan pero tienes un empleo estable con un salario garantizado– es casi un privilegio. </i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He ahí el primer problema. Deberíamos incluir a los que están fuera. No sólo a los inmigrantes indocumentados sino a los parados de larga duración. Creo que en las protestas en España, en Grecia, incluso en Francia e Inglaterra había muchos estudiantes que sabían muy bien que sus estudios no les iban a servir gran cosa.</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Deberíamos dirigirnos a todos estos grupos descontentos.</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>¿Y a quién más?</b></span><br />
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Luego está el problema de los así llamados trabajadores intelectuales.</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Los marxistas siempre tenían ese problema: ¿son o no son parte del proletariado? Yo creo que sí. Algunos marxistas antiguos insisten en que uno debería trabajar físicamente, que eso sería la única clase trabajadora auténtica.</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Por otro lado, </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Toni Negri</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> y sus amigos dicen que</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i> los intelectuales son los típicos proletarios de hoy en día.</i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> No, yo creo que </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">el proletariado está disperso, no se puede encontrar una forma pragmática.</b><br />
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Da la impresión de que el proletariado clásico, físico, es hoy quien más vota a la derecha. ¿lo cree así?</b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Los</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> partidos ex izquierda</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, como </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>New Labour</i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> en </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Inglaterra</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, incluso </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">los socialistas</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> en </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">España</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, tienen un terrible miedo a que se les vea como anticuados. Y</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i> conozco a la clase obrera que trabaja duro, físicamente, y es comprensible por qué votan a la derecha: sus competidores más inmediatos son los inmigrantes.</i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Son los votantes ideales para partidos conservadores antiinmigración.</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Es fácil hacer teorías sobre cómo deberían verlo, pero en su experiencia inmediata, los inmigrantes significan competencia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>¿No es el fracaso del llamamiento a la unión de los trabajadores en todo el mundo?</b></span><br />
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sí, pero hasta Marx se daba cuenta de esto</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. No creo que podamos conseguir la unidad a la antigua usanza. Deberíamos aceptar esa pluralidad. Mire los últimos resultados electorales de las europeas. ¿Ha visto qué catástrofe? En países grandes,</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Francia, Inglaterra, el partido más fuerte que emergió era el antiinmigrantes. La clase obrera es cada vez más nacionalista, antiinmigrantes, hasta cierto nivel. Cuando más subes de nivel de capital o de privilegios intelectuales, más la gente puede permitirse ser liberal, multicultural.</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Los izquierdistas que piensan que al combatir el racismo están al mismo tiempo combatiendo el capitalismo… bueno, quizás a largo plazo</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Está en el interés de los grandes capitales permitir la entrada a trabajadores inmigrantes.</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Porque así se presiona a la propia clase trabajadores, hay más competencia, se bajan salarios, etcétera.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">Y esa presión es mayor aún si los inmigrantes son indocumentados ¿no? Los legales tienen los mismos derechos que los demás; los ilegales mucho menos.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sí, y creo que esto es otro punto crucial para la unidad. Es como funciona el capitalismo. No se puede tener a todos los trabajadores disfrutando de plenos derechos. Algunos están dentro, otros están fuera. Los legales tienen derechos, pero luego tienes los ilegales, y luego tienes trabajadores baratos, aunque no ilegales, en Turquía, en India, en China… y hay competición entre ellos. No creo que el orden global realmente quiera abolir esa separación. Como Estados Unidos ante México: sí, se quejan que hay demasiados inmigrantes mexicanos, pero si vas a otro Estado, como California, allí juegan un papel crucial los mexicanos ilegales. Todo el mundo los utiliza, como jardineros, para trabajos locales, recoger fruta en verano, etcétera. Son parte de la economía. Y no creo que el capitalismo sea capaz de resolver esa situación legalizando a los inmigrantes. Significaría demasiados conflictos. Otra paradoja: cuanto más global sea, más se convierte en su propia víctima, más antagonismos y más tensiones crea.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Si las viejas maneras de la izquierda ya no funcionan….</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pero también cuento entre las viejas izquierdas las llamadas <b><i>“izquierdas de tercera vía”</i></b>. El <b>Nuevo Laborismo </b>y eso. Creo que<b> lo que emerge cada vez más es: un partido centrista, que económicamente es neoliberal, pero culturalmente habitualmente muy abierto,</b> matrimonio homosexual, aborto, lo que quieras, y luego la reacción a esto,<b> populista y antiinmigración. </b>Que suscita pasión, pero una pasión muy peligrosa. Y si no surge una nueva izquierda, estaremos atrapados en esa oposición. Ahora estamos cogidos en <b>Europa </b>entre <b>los tecnócratas de Bruselas, esta visión tecnocrática de Europa, y luego los nacionalistas antiinmigrantes. Este es el callejón sin salida.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>¿Cree que esta izquierda completamente nueva que reivindica podría surgir poco a poco, mediante elecciones, como Syriza en Grecia, o sólo a través de un cambio radical, algún tipo de cataclismo?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">No soy tan pesimista.<b> ¿Alguien se habría esperado algo como Syriza hace diez años?</b> O mire a… no sé, a <b>la Primavera Árabe.</b> <b>Puede que sea la mejor metáfora para nuestras esperanzas y nuestros temores. Explotó algo que nadie se esperaba. Un movimiento radical, prodemocrático, casi laico. </b>Pero terminó de una manera muy <b>paradójica:</b> cuando se introdujo <b>un poco de democracia más auténtica, los Hermanos Musulmanes tomaron el poder en las elecciones. Y el resultado es que muchos manifestantes originales de Tahrir apoyaron el golpe militar.</b> <b>Este es nuestro callejón sin salida</b>.</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">¡Totalmente! Contacté con ellos, les seguí…</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Desde el principio, yo tenía miedo: parecía que estaba todo el mundo en la calle y todo eso. </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">No, no eran la mayoría, en realidad</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. Según algunas estimaciones, </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">un máximo del 20 por ciento de la gente participaba realmente de forma activa. Creo que éste es el límite de nuestras democracias.</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> No tengo miedo a decir cosas terribles.</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> No creo que lo de <i>“la mayoría del pueblo”</i> funcione.</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">No creo que la izquierda auténtica vaya a ganar las elecciones</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> No, no soy leninista, no digo que haya que dar un golpe de Estado. Debemos aceptar que quienes realmente mueven cosas son una minoría activa. Lo único que podemos hacer es tener la esperanza de que la mayoría silenciosa nos dé una oportunidad.</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Usted ha hablado alguna vez de esa idea, según la cual la masa no tiene por qué saber qué quiere sobre todos los aspectos, en todo momento.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Para algunos izquierdistas es horrible escuchar eso.<b> No creo que la mayoría de la gente quiera una democracia activa. Quieren una vida tranquila,</b> <b>que las cosas sencillas funcionen en silencio.</b> Voy a ser brutal. Tengo un problema con los partidarios de la llamada <b>democracia directa</b>: <b><i>piensan que a un nivel local, todos deberíamos estar movilizados, permanentemente activos en política….</i></b> Pues perdone, pero a mí no me gustaría vivir en una sociedad así. <b>Mi sociedad ideal es una donde me dejan en paz, y yo me puedo dedicar a mi trabajo, la Filosofía o lo que sea</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Ahora llega esta mayoría silenciosa, concluido Tahrir, y le da su oportunidad a los Hermanos Musulmanes.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El problema es que<b> al votar a los Hermanos Musulmanes, la mayoría silenciosa ha hablado. Es la demostración de que la izquierda laica siempre era una minoría.</b> Y es el mismo problema que en <b>Turquía:</b> <b>la protesta por un parque [Gezi] en Estambul… Era claramente muy limitada, de jóvenes de clase media laica pro Occidente; esto hizo surgir algunos vínculos con islamistas de izquierda, pero en el fondo no.</b> <b>En el fondo, Erdogan siempre tenía la mayoría.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Cuando en Egipto, Sisi llevó a cabo su golpe de Estado contra los Hermanos Musulmanes ¿usted tenía su corazón en uno de los dos bandos?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>No, porque yo era pesimista desde el principio.</b> Desde luego, lo bonito habría sido que los manifestantes laicos se organizaran en un movimiento político que de alguna forma se enfrentara a todos los peligros, los Hermanos Musulmanes y los militares. Pero viendo la situación global, esto no funciona. Por eso no estaba demasiado triste, me lo esperaba. Ahora, <b>lo crucial en Egipto es mantener ciertas formas de organización popular: sindicatos, feministas, estudiantes, derechos de los niños etc.</b> Y creo que las redes de las que me hablan todos mis amigos en Egipto son el resultado que permanece y que impide volver a los tiempos de Mubarak: <b><i>la sociedad civil se ha despertado en Egipto</i></b>. No es lo mismo. Aquí hubo un progreso</span>.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>¿Y Siria?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Igual: tuvo el mismo proceso, pero de una manera mucho más violenta. <b>Empezó como una resistencia ciudadana laica contra Asad y ahora tenemos al régimen de Asad contra el ISIL, contra los fundamentalistas. Y los laicos se han quedado en alguna parte en medio; algunos incluso, por desesperación, prefieren a Asad antes que el ISIL</b>, claro.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>En Europa también hay una izquierda que siempre ha respaldado a Asad, simplemente porque parece estar bajo amenaza de Estados Unidos.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sí, aunque… no diré que Estados Unidos ahora apoya a Asad aunque casi… <b>Algunos medios aseguran que los bombardeos contra ISIL en Siria oriental se hicieron en coordinación parcial con Asad. Es una situación tan irónica… Y el colmo de la ironía es Iraq, donde ahora Irán y Estados Unidos son esencialmente aliados.</b> Aquí, la situación es totalmente confusa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>¿Cree que en Europa pudieran ocurrir levantamientos radicales, comparables con los de Tahrir, capaces de cambiar de golpe un gobierno o sistema?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">No, desde luego. <b>Es lo que envidiamos de Ucrania.</b> No tengo una opinión definitiva sobre <b>los sucesos de Kiev, pero lo que nos fascinó en Europa es que todavía sea posible un suceso tan amplio, que reunía a cientos de miles de personas.</b> Podemos hacer protestas a gran escala, en España, en otros sitios, pero no movilizar a la gente para un objetivo específico de transformación social. Por otra parte, y es una contradicción, yo todavía creo en Europa. Y está realmente en peligro. No tanto por los fundamentalistas como por nuestras propias fuerzas. <b>Creo que Europa es el gran perdedor en esta lucha entre el capital global, democracia global y populismo antiinmigración.</b> <b>Mire las ideas europeas de igualdad, democracia, libertad, derechos humanos, todo eso refleja una cierta visión de la sociedad. Una sociedad justa y libre. En esto soy eurocentrista, por qué no</b>. <b>Si Europa se desvanece, si se convierte en simplemente uno de los centros menores del mundo, ¿qué lo reemplazará?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>¿Hay candidatos?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lo triste es que parece que sería –aunque no es correcto llamarlo así porque no tiene nada que ver con una raza–<b> el modelo asiático</b>… <b>Capitalismo con antiguos valores asiáticos</b>. <b><i>Es decir, un capitalismo autoritario. China, Singapur, incluso Rusia…</i></b> No será el fascismo a la antigua usanza, con su movilización política total, sino mucho más como <b>Rusia</b> <b>hoy:</b> <b>tienes todas las libertades privadas, pornografía, puedes viajar, lo que sea, pero la estructura del poder es esencialmente autoritaria.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>En su último libro, Acontecimiento, describe la religión cristiana basada como un ‘evento’ único, ubicado en la historia, el nacimiento de Jesucristo. ¿Necesita Europa esta mentalidad de advenimientos?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">No, es algo más complejo, porque no describo <b>una noción de acontecimiento sino diferentes tipos. Un acontecimiento no es algo nuevo, sino algo que ocurre de una manera totalmente imprevisible, casi como un milagro: de la nada surge algo nuevo que reestructura todo.</b> El ejemplo más bonito es enamorarse. Vives solo, llevas una vida satisfecha, y por casualidad, no sé dónde, quizás en los baños de un bar, te encuentras al amor de tu vida y ahí todo cambia. Este es el punto.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>¿Y el cristianismo?</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Para mí <b>es la religión del Acontecimiento</b>,<b> porque Dios no siempre está ahí</b>. Lo que ocurre en el cristianismo es <b>la Encarnación. </b>Y luego, no lo olvidemos,<b> Jesucristo muere</b>. <b>Aquí sigo la interpretación de Hegel: con la muerte de Jesucristo, Dios en persona muere. No hay un poder transcendental. Lo que muere en la cruz es la representación juvenil de Dios. Lo que queda después es el Espíritu Santo. Y el Espíritu Santo es simplemente el colectivo de los creyentes que deben decidir, en total libertad, qué hay que hacer.</b> <b>Por eso afirmo que el cristianismo es la religión definitiva del ateísmo.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Del ateísmo.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>El mensaje radical es que Dios ha muerto y ya sin dios estamos solos y lo único que nos puede salvar es el Espíritu Santo, es decir nuestra propia autoorganización de una comunidad de iguales.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Sin embargo, esto choca con el cristianismo actual, lleno de supuestas leyes divinas…</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Por eso hay una gran tensión en el cristianismo a lo largo de toda su historia, por eso el cristianismo siempre se metía en luchas. Me gusta citar <b>una anécdota de Napoleón</b>.<b> Lo iba a coronar emperador el Papa, pero cuando éste se le acercó, Napoleón cogió la corona de sus manos y se la puso él mismo.</b> <b>¿Sabe lo que el Papa le respondió?</b><i><b> “Sé lo que quieres: quieres destruir el cristianismo. Pero créeme, nosotros, como Iglesia, llevamos intentándolo casi dos mil años y no lo hemos conseguido” </b>[risas]</i>. Todo el sistema del cristianismo es un intento de controlar, de oprimir el poder explosivo y liberador que está en el núcleo del cristianismo.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>¿De quién debería Europa enamorarse ahora para salvarse de su marginación?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Veamos,<b> no aplicaría la teoría del amor de esta manera a la política.</b> <b>Soy muy escéptico. Tahrir era un acontecimiento, ocurrió de repente algo inesperado. Todos los regímenes que se justifican a través del amor, por amor, suelen ser regímenes muy autoritarios.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>… claro, Alemania se enamoró de Hitler…</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El país que utiliza el amor todo el tiempo es <b>Corea del Norte: amar al líder.</b> Por otra parte, la manera en la que yo interpreto <b><i>la noción cristiana del ágape, en distinción de eros</i></b>. <b>El marxista británico Terry Eagleton propuso traducir ágape como<i> “amor político”</i></b><i>.</i> Pero en este sentido, <b><i>amor significa simplemente la idea central de los vínculos en un colectivo emancipado igualitario.</i></b> Hay muchas formas de este colectivo, desde antiguas órdenes religiosas monásticas hasta partidos políticos progresistas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Respecto al fundamentalismo islámico en Europa, Amin Maalouf dijo que la tragedia de Europa es que traicionó sus propios valores en cuanto trataba con los inmigrantes. ¿Lo comparte?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sí, pero no coincido con algunos izquierdistas que dicen que esta amenaza islámica es una seudoamenaza, que es solo islamofobia, que no son peligrosos…<b> No: sí debemos combatir contra el ISIL</b>, etcétera. <b>No creo en este tipo de multiculturalismo que dice: oh, deja que traten a sus mujeres como lo han hecho según sus tradiciones…</b> <b>No: Europa debe insistir en que se cumplan ciertas normas. Pero nosotros tenemos a nuestros propios fundamentalistas, no solo en Europa: en Estados Unidos, el FBI controla una lista de dos millones de personas que son potenciales terroristas de derechas. Terroristas cristianos fundamentalistas. La pregunta de verdad es: hoy, con la dinámica del capitalismo global, ¿qué engendra el fundamentalismo? Esta es la pregunta.</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">¿Tiene la respuesta?</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>La respuesta es simplemente la dinámica del capitalismo, con esa carencia de formas de identidad colectiva. </b>Es obvio: <b>la destrucción de comunidades tradicionales o democráticas tiene que ver con las maneras de este nuevo capitalismo tardío después del 68, el capitalismo individual. El fundamentalismo es la reacción. Por eso pienso que solo la izquierda radical nos puede salvar del fundamentalismo.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>¿Eso quiere decir que el glorioso mayo de París era también un fracaso?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>París 1968</b> consiguió algo importante, no lo subestimemos.<b> El feminismo por ejemplo: hoy día tratamos a las mujeres de manera muy diferente. Pero al mismo tiempo, sí, se incorporó perfectamente al capitalismo global. El resultado final de la revuelta fue un cambio hacia una nueva forma del capitalismo. <i>Todos estos valores, contra la teocracia, por las libertades personales, el disfrute, el derecho al sexo… todo se incorporó</i></b>. <b>Hoy, el capitalismo ya no es la antigua autoridad patriarcal. Es hedonista, permisivo. Así que el 68 casi ganó, pero en la Historia solo le dio un nuevo impulso al capitalismo.</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">*<a href="http://msur.es/2014/11/05/slavoj-zizek/" target="_blank"> Entrevista para M'Sur, por Alejandro Luque, Estambul, Octubre 2014 </a></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Ver también:</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">*<b><a href="http://www.elcultural.com/revista/letras/Slavoj-Zizek-No-necesitamos-profetas-sino-lideres-que-nos-animen-a-usar-la-libertad/35261" target="_blank">Slavoj Zizek: "No necesitamos profetas sino líderes que nos animen a usar la libertad"</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">*<b><a href="http://www.elconfidencial.com/cultura/2014-09-02/zizek-no-cree-en-podemos_184282/" target="_blank">Zizek no cree en Podemos</a></b></span></div>
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</span>Filosofía en Costa Ricahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913529307278002591noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3899327006290566633.post-27829781355802396152015-06-16T20:42:00.004-06:002015-06-16T20:51:14.104-06:00Immanuel Kant y los constreñimientos empíricos de la razón (+Vídeos,+Biblioteca PDF)<div style="text-align: right;">
<b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i>"Conceptos sin intuiciones son vacíos, intuiciones sin conceptos son ciegas."</i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Crítica de la razón pura, La lógica trascendental, I. 1781</b></span><br />
<b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Immanuel Kant</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Immanuel Kant por Fernando Savater</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA0oKrYHGxrMn9dLnAf5pssRMitCf9NWFsMQvpxzvLQ9VJJ3YafNKRpLkNJOb7kKbLH2gUxv-ZMSe0f-hl-GSHZbiHYF8NsYL-r8TiY5K51tduquBJR362DhxMmdK_qidMBUWVCnnHPZfK/s1600/Kant+Redise%25C3%25B1ado.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA0oKrYHGxrMn9dLnAf5pssRMitCf9NWFsMQvpxzvLQ9VJJ3YafNKRpLkNJOb7kKbLH2gUxv-ZMSe0f-hl-GSHZbiHYF8NsYL-r8TiY5K51tduquBJR362DhxMmdK_qidMBUWVCnnHPZfK/s400/Kant+Redise%25C3%25B1ado.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Immanuel Kant (Königsberg, Prusia, 22 de abril de 1724 – Königsberg, 12 de febrero de 1804)</b> fue un filósofo prusiano de la Ilustración. Es el primero y más importante representante del criticismo y precursor del idealismo alemán y está considerado como uno de los pensadores más influyentes de la Europa moderna y de la filosofía universal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Entre sus escritos más destacados se encuentra la <b><i>Crítica de la razón pura (Kritik der reinen Vernunft),</i></b> calificada generalmente como un punto de inflexión en la historia de la filosofía y el inicio de la filosofía contemporánea. En ella se investiga la estructura misma de la razón. Así mismo se propone que la metafísica tradicional puede ser reinterpretada a través de la epistemología, ya que podemos encarar problemas metafísicos al entender la fuente y los límites del conocimiento. Sus otras obras principales son la <b><i>Crítica de la razón práctica</i></b>, centrada en la ética;<b><i> la Crítica del juicio,</i></b> en la que investiga acerca de la estética y la teleología y<b><i> La metafísica de las costumbres</i></b> que indaga en la filosofía del Derecho y del Estado.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kant adelantó importantes trabajos en los campos de la ciencia, el derecho, la moral, la religión y la historia, inclusive creía haber logrado un compromiso entre el empirismo y el racionalismo. Aceptando que todo se adquiere a través de la experiencia, da a entender que la razón juega un papel importante. Kant argumentaba que la experiencia, los valores y el significado mismo de la vida serían completamente subjetivos si antes no habían sido subsumidos por la razón pura, y que usar la razón sin aplicarla a la experiencia, nos llevaría inevitablemente a ilusiones teóricas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El pensamiento kantiano fue muy influyente en la Alemania de su tiempo, llevando la filosofía más allá del debate entre el empirismo y el racionalismo. <b>Fichte, Schelling, Hegel y Schopenhauer </b>se vieron a sí mismos expandiendo y complementando el sistema kantiano de manera que justificaban el idealismo alemán. <b>Hoy en día, Kant continúa teniendo una gran influencia en la filosofía analítica y continental.</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLbE-fT9b5Cv7ScWMDLzDQXKun8wEsKRizFprXWzoNIotfOekpsWq_DtmMuk04Rp5lnQUK2_wzPuAZoSs9PsVJjvaL3EJcW6GWjjlA6FtslhSjiqiZ4TefJW5R1MssrT5TXaKWfkITnlMX/s1600/Kant-Hume-Categor%25C3%25ADas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLbE-fT9b5Cv7ScWMDLzDQXKun8wEsKRizFprXWzoNIotfOekpsWq_DtmMuk04Rp5lnQUK2_wzPuAZoSs9PsVJjvaL3EJcW6GWjjlA6FtslhSjiqiZ4TefJW5R1MssrT5TXaKWfkITnlMX/s320/Kant-Hume-Categor%25C3%25ADas.jpg" width="271" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Hume versus Kant (Humor)</b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Immanuel Kant (Bibliotecas kantianas descargables)</b></span><br />
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<li><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://mega.nz/#F!PhkSRJLZ!kV3PMve26GPeWpJLig8thw" target="_blank">Magna Opera (Grandes obras en castellano)</a></span></b></li>
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<li><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://mega.nz/#F!z9klEBoB!XfReIBqFd_4cOlHJ-Bk46w" target="_blank">Immanuel Kant (Biblioteca kantiana en inglés)(English)</a></span></b></li>
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<li><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://mega.nz/#F!PllVDIzQ!Ya1aHnz9j_C6zWSxN0wfTA" target="_blank">Immanuel Kant (Critica-Critique-Kritik) (Críticas kantianas)</a></span></b></li>
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<li><b><a href="http://filosofiacr.blogspot.com/2015/06/immanuelkant-CRP.html" target="_blank">Immanuel Kant: <i>Crítica de toda teología fundada en los principios especulativos de la razón</i></a></b></li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6cNgQY1BcJsPoNq_eXWSeBgrbli0FvmHA-IuAvtZ1xa-HYoyqv3m6JWDHIRY5ohV67f3N023ArBMVbsk8kh8DKTFpfqg4rwzXP30cMElKoLLPT9CiVO_GCA9c5keS6aMplq3mQR5kx5tO/s1600/Kant_338721b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6cNgQY1BcJsPoNq_eXWSeBgrbli0FvmHA-IuAvtZ1xa-HYoyqv3m6JWDHIRY5ohV67f3N023ArBMVbsk8kh8DKTFpfqg4rwzXP30cMElKoLLPT9CiVO_GCA9c5keS6aMplq3mQR5kx5tO/s400/Kant_338721b.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<object height="350" id="veohFlashPlayer" name="veohFlashPlayer" width="550"><param name="movie" value="http://www.veoh.com/swf/webplayer/WebPlayer.swf?version=AFrontend.5.7.0.1496&permalinkId=v72762241mjEpmKed&player=videodetailsembedded&videoAutoPlay=0&id=24983094"></param>
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<embed src="http://www.veoh.com/swf/webplayer/WebPlayer.swf?version=AFrontend.5.7.0.1496&permalinkId=v72762241mjEpmKed&player=videodetailsembedded&videoAutoPlay=0&id=24983094" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="410" height="341" id="veohFlashPlayerEmbed" name="veohFlashPlayerEmbed"></embed></object><br /><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Immanuel Kant. Il Camino del pensiero. Renato Parascandolo </span></b></center>
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Enciclopedia multimediale delle scienze filosofiche.</span></b></center>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Direzione Scientifica. </b><b>Instituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici</b></span></center>
<br />Filosofía en Costa Ricahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913529307278002591noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3899327006290566633.post-77462145317252685792015-06-15T17:09:00.002-06:002015-06-15T18:22:56.090-06:00Immanuel Kant: Crítica de toda teología fundada en los principios especulativos de la razón (+PDFs)<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><b>"Todo ha de someterse a la crítica. Pero la religión y la legislación pretenden de ordinario escapar a la misma. La religión a causa de su santidad, y la legislación a causa de su majestad. Sin embargo, al hacerlo, despiertan contra sí mismas sospechas justificadas y no pueden exigir un respeto sincero, respeto que la razón sólo concede a lo que es capaz de resistir su examen libre y público."</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><i>Prólogo a la primera edición</i></b></span><br />
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><i>Crítica de la razón pura </i></b></b><br />
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Immanuel Kant</b></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdl3heb2Mk0-o4sg7Z4HbA6cDGq9RMWas_UKlQeQP9nD6PGoQfbQTdcEfJzx3BWz9rl4mEMo5iftmw6xDrZ2Qp8C4kKpJm1s2qy1q86jGmVH_nGYl8WWYXXI66JqxXfge68KfPei46ThTF/s1600/kant_kritik-der-reinen-vernunft.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdl3heb2Mk0-o4sg7Z4HbA6cDGq9RMWas_UKlQeQP9nD6PGoQfbQTdcEfJzx3BWz9rl4mEMo5iftmw6xDrZ2Qp8C4kKpJm1s2qy1q86jGmVH_nGYl8WWYXXI66JqxXfge68KfPei46ThTF/s320/kant_kritik-der-reinen-vernunft.jpg" width="216" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Kritik der reinen Vernunft(KrV)</span></b></span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">(1781/1787)</span></b></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>Crítica de toda teología fundada </i></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>en los principios especulativos de la razón</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Si entiendo por <b>teología</b> el conocimiento del ser originario, se trata, o bien del<b> conocimiento </b>basado en la simple <b>razón <i>(theologia rationalis)</i></b>, o bien del basado en la revelación <b><i>(revelata)</i></b>. La primera concibe su objeto, o bien a través de la razón pura, mediante<b> simples conceptos trascendentales</b> <b><i>(ens originarium, realissimum, ens entium),</i></b>y se llama <b><i>teología trascendental</i></b>, o bien lo concibe,<b> a través de un concepto tomado de la naturaleza (de nuestra alma), como inteligencia suprema</b>, y entonces debería llamarse <b>teología natural.</b> <b><i>Quien sólo admite una teología trascendental se llama deísta; quien </i></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>acepta, además, una teología natural recibe el nombre de teísta.</i></b> </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9sz6QTTkzANzwEMZcACS0mqVhBrLxmm1OJ0EjUKI83kD5ExnG8WXmeb0QDrDXvvRvurQpdqIS-K_gnXSqE5JwRF1p5yTeR5BgmfOukTcmleyfivcnRaB6pv4acQbBv4aF85Mxw7u-ksBH/s1600/Inmanuel+Kant-+DEI%25C3%258DSMO+VERSUS+TE%25C3%258DSMO+FINAL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9sz6QTTkzANzwEMZcACS0mqVhBrLxmm1OJ0EjUKI83kD5ExnG8WXmeb0QDrDXvvRvurQpdqIS-K_gnXSqE5JwRF1p5yTeR5BgmfOukTcmleyfivcnRaB6pv4acQbBv4aF85Mxw7u-ksBH/s400/Inmanuel+Kant-+DEI%25C3%258DSMO+VERSUS+TE%25C3%258DSMO+FINAL.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>El primero admite</b> <b><i>que podemos conocer en todo caso la existencia de un ser originario mediante la mera razón</i></b>, pero sostiene que nuestro concepto del mismo es sólo trascendental, a saber, el de un ser </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">que posee toda la realidad, pero que no podemos determinar más detalladamente. <b><i>El segundo afirma que la razón es capaz de determinar más detalladamente el objeto por analogía con la naturaleza, a saber, como un ser que, a través del entendimiento y la libertad, contiene en sí el fundamento primario de todaslas demás cosas. </i>Aquel se representa, pues, una simple causa del mundo (quedando sin decidir si lo es por necesidad o lo es libremente); éste se representa, en cambio, un creador del mundo.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>La teología trascendental</b>, o bien intenta derivar la existencia del ser originario a partir de una experiencia en general (sin especificar nada más acerca del mundo al que tal experiencia pertenece) y se llama <b>cosmoteología</b>, o bien cree conocer la existencia de dicho ser sin apoyo de experiencia ninguna, por medio de simples conceptos, y se llama <b><i>ontoteología</i></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>La teología natural i</i>nfiere las propiedades y la existencia de un creador del mundo partiendo de la constitución, orden y unidad que encontramos en ese mismo </b></span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">mundo, en el cual tenemos que suponer dos clases de causalidad, con sus reglas, es decir, la naturaleza y la libertad.</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <b><i>La teología natural</i> se eleva, pues, desde este mundo a la inteligencia suprema, considerándola como el principio de todo orden y perfección, ya sean naturales, ya sean éticos.</b> En el primer caso se<b> llama <i>teología física</i></b>; en el segundo,<b> <i>teología moral</i></b>(*).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dado que suele entenderse por <b>el concepto de Dios</b>, no una naturaleza eterna que obre ciegamente, como raíz de las cosas, sino un ser supremo que consideramos<b><i> creador de las mismas mediante el entendimiento y la libertad</i></b>; dado, ademas, que es ese concepto el único que nos interesa, podríamos, en rigor, negar al deísta su creencia en Dios y admitirle únicamente la afirmación de un primer ser o causa suprema. Sin embargo, como no puede acusarse a nadie de pretender negar algo que no se atreve a afirmar, es más benévolo y justo decir que <b><i>el deísta cree en Dios, mientras que el teísta cree en un </i></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>Dios vivo (summa intelligentia).</i></b> Vamos a investigar ahora las posibles fuentes de todas </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">estas tentativas de la razón.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Me limitaré a definir aquí los <b>conocimientos teórico y práctico del modo siguiente</b>: <b><i>el teórico es aquel en virtud del cual conozco lo que es; el práctico es aquel en virtud del cual me represento lo que debe ser.</i></b> </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZXkdVdnpT5KDznaTKRPN6sTwdcjVzfHHZzJxuN4PkY6DfpGBQ8cT-mLDeJXJycY09kt1wGLEQKdzFg6eSz8QzM0QOKMEwPeV3nGEig6iRmnOMLJd3gviaqA3nfDS8_aIb_o2VgsRnhOna/s1600/Inmanuel+Kant-+Conocimiento+te%25C3%25B3rico+y+pr%25C3%25A1ctico+JPG+FINAL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZXkdVdnpT5KDznaTKRPN6sTwdcjVzfHHZzJxuN4PkY6DfpGBQ8cT-mLDeJXJycY09kt1wGLEQKdzFg6eSz8QzM0QOKMEwPeV3nGEig6iRmnOMLJd3gviaqA3nfDS8_aIb_o2VgsRnhOna/s400/Inmanuel+Kant-+Conocimiento+te%25C3%25B3rico+y+pr%25C3%25A1ctico+JPG+FINAL.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">De acuerdo con esto, <b>el uso teórico de la razón </b>es aquel mediante el cual<b><i> conozco a priori (como necesario) </i></b>que algo es, mientras que <b>el práctico </b>es aquel <b><i>por medio del cual se conoce a priori qué debe suceder.</i></b> Ahora bien, si es indudablemente cierto, pero sólo de modo condicionado, que algo es o que algo debe suceder, entonces, o bien puede haber respecto de ese algo una determinada condición absolutamente necesaria, o bien debe suponerse tal condición como arbitraria y contingente.<b> En el primer caso se postula la condición <i>(per thesin)</i>; en el segundo la suponemos <i>(per hypothesin)</i>.</b> <b>Hay leyes prácticas que son absolutamente necesarias (las morales); si estas leyes suponen necesariamente alguna existencia como condición de posibilidad de su fuerza obligatoria, esa existencia ha de ser postulada, ya que lo condicionado de donde partimos para deducir esa condición determinada es, a su vez, conocido a priori como absolutamente necesario</b>. </span></div>
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<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>Más adelante mostraremos que las leyes </i></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>morales no sólo presuponen la existencia de un ser supremo, sino que, al ser ellas mismas absolutamente necesarias desde otro punto de vista, lo postulan con razón, aunque, claro está, sólo desde una perspectiva práctica.</i></b> Por el momento dejaremos a un lado esta deducción.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Cuando tratamos sólo de lo que es (no de lo que debe ser) concebimos lo condicionado que se nos da en la experiencia como algo contingente.</b> En consecuencia, la condición de este algo no puede, partiendo de esta base, ser conocida como absolutamente necesaria, sino que nos sirve tan sólo de hipótesis capaz de llevarnos al conocimiento racional de lo condicionado, una hipótesis relativamente necesaria, o mejor, teóricamente la necesidad absoluta de una cosa, ello sólo puede ocurrir a base de conceptos a priori, pero nunca podemos conocer esa necesidad como causa de una existencia empíricamente dada.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>Un conocimiento teórico es especulativo cuando se refiere a un objeto o a conceptos de un objeto que no pueden ser jamás alcanzados en ninguna experiencia</i></b>.<b> A él se opone <i>el conocimiento de la naturaleza</i>, que no se refiere a otros objetos o predicados de objetos que a los susceptibles de darse en una experiencia posible.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>El principio que infiere una causa a partir de aquello que sucede (de lo empírico contingente)</i></b>, considerado como efecto, <b><i>es un principio del conocimiento de la naturaleza</i></b>, no del conocimiento especulativo. En efecto, cuando se prescinde de él como de un principio que contiene la condición de la experiencia posible en general y se lo quiere aplicar, eliminando todo lo empírico, a lo contingente en general, <i><b>no queda nada que justifique semejante proposición sintética, nada que nos haga ver cómo podemos pasar de algo que está ahí a algo completamente distinto (llamado causa). </b></i>Es más, <b>el concepto </b></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>de causa, igual que el de lo contingente, pierde en este uso meramente especulativo todo significado cuya realidad objetiva pueda comprenderse en concreto.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>Cuando se infiere la causa del mundo partiendo de las cosas que hay en él, se emplea la razón en su uso especulativo, no en su uso natural</i></b>. En efecto, lo que éste último refiere a alguna causa no son las cosas mismas (sustancias), sino sólo lo que sucede, es decir, <b><i>los estados de esas cosas en cuanto algo empíricamente contingente.</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><b>Que la sustancia misma (la materia) es contingente, en lo que a su existencia se refiere, tendría que ser un conocimiento racional meramente especulativo</b></i>. Pero incluso si se tratara tan solo de la forma del mundo, de su tipo de cohesión y de su cambio,<b><i> y quisiéramos inferir de todo ello una causa completamente distinta del mundo, de nuevo tendríamos un juicio de la razón meramente especulativa,</i></b> <b><i>ya que el objeto inferido no sería el de una experiencia posible. </i></b>Y al hacer esta inferencia,<b><i> el principio de causalidad, que sólo es aplicable en el campo empírico </i></b>y que, fuera de este campo, carece de uso e incluso de significado, <b>se desvía completamente de su finalidad.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Sostengo,<i> pues, que todas las tentativas de una razón meramente especulativa en relación con la teología son enteramente estériles y, consideradas desde su índole interna, nulas y vacías; que los principios de su uso natural no conducen a ninguna teología; que, consiguientemente, de no basarnos en principios morales o servirnos de ellos como guía, no puede haber teología racional ninguna, ya que todos los principios sintéticos del entendimiento son de uso inmanente, mientras que el conocer un ser supremo requiere hacer de ellos un uso trascendente para el que nuestro entendimiento no está equipado.</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Para que el principio de causalidad, con validez empírica, nos condujera a un primer ser, éste tendría que formar parte de la cadena de objetos empíricos.</b> Pero, en este caso, sería, a su vez, <b><i>condicionado, como todos los fenómenos.</i></b> <b><i>Incluso suponiendo que fuera lícito saltar más allá de los límites de la experiencia mediante el principio dinámico de la relación entre los efectos y sus causas, ¿qué concepto podríamos obtener de este procedimiento? </i></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>Desde luego, ninguno del ser supremo, ya que la experiencia nunca nos ofrece el mayor entre los efectos posibles (es en calidad de tal como tiene que dar testimonio de su causa).</i></b> <b>Supongamos,</b> con el único fin de no dejar hueco ninguno en nuestra tazón, que se pueda <b><i>suplir esta falta dé determinación completa mediante la simple idea de una perfección suprema y de una necesidad originaria.</i></b> <b>Tal hipótesis es aceptable a título de favor, pero no es exigible como derecho basado en una demostración incontestable. </b>Así, pues, la prueba<b><i> fisicoteológica</i></b> podría tal vez reforzar otras pruebas (si es que las hay)<b><i> por el hecho de unir especulación e intuición.</i></b> Pero, por sí sola, más que concluir la tarea, lo que hace es preparar el entendimiento para el conocimiento teológico, orientándolo, en este sentido, recta y naturalmente.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">De ello se desprende claramente que <b><i>las cuestiones trascendentales sólo permiten respuestas trascendentales, es decir, respuestas construidas con meros conceptos a priori sin ingrediente empírico alguno.</i></b> <b>La cuestión es en este caso evidentemente sintética y exige una ampliación de nuestro conocimiento hasta más allá de todos los límites de la experiencia, esto es, hasta llegar a la existencia de un ser que corresponda a nuestra </b></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>simple idea del mismo, idea que ninguna experiencia puede igualar. </b>Ahora bien, según hemos probado antes, <b><i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juicio_sint%C3%A9tico_a_priori" target="_blank">el conocimiento sintético a priori </a>sólo es posible en la medida en que expresa las condiciones formales de una experiencia posible.</i></b> En consecuencia,<b><i> todos los principios poseen una validez puramente inmanente, es decir, no se refiere más que a objetos del conocimiento empírico o fenómenos. Mediante el procedimiento trascendental </i></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">no se consigue, pues, <b><i>nada con respecto a la teología de una razón meramente especulativa.</i></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaOYyLtRwVkWLsK586MmZFsQOV5_hiuLfkBnWJjeJluX_VXA2cl9I2DdTkkYnvmozvewtKK6qx6KWSaH3wapskiY82fdRxhL45Br38_aDGLFLOLDyikoz8v4z8uLP592Ii_nEQx3U_22AU/s1600/Inmanuel+Kant-+Las+cuestiones+trascendentalesJPG+FINAL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaOYyLtRwVkWLsK586MmZFsQOV5_hiuLfkBnWJjeJluX_VXA2cl9I2DdTkkYnvmozvewtKK6qx6KWSaH3wapskiY82fdRxhL45Br38_aDGLFLOLDyikoz8v4z8uLP592Ii_nEQx3U_22AU/s400/Inmanuel+Kant-+Las+cuestiones+trascendentalesJPG+FINAL.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Aunque se prefiera poner en tela de juicio todas las anteriores pruebas de la analítica, antes que dejarse arrebatar la fuerza persuasiva de los argumentos tanto tiempo empleados, no se me podrá negar mi exigencia de justificar al menos cómo y por medio de qué iluminación se atreve uno a volar por encima de toda experiencia posible basándose en el poder de meras ideas. <b>Yo pediría que nadie me viniera con nuevos argumentos o con los viejos remozados</b>. Es cierto que no hay mucho que elegir en este terreno,<b><i> ya que todas las demostraciones meramente especulativas desembocan en una sola, que </i></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>es la ontológica,</i></b> <b><i>y no hay, por tanto, razones para temer excesivas molestias de parte de los dogmáticos abogados de esa razón liberada de los sentidos.</i></b> Aun así, y sin por ello presumir de cornbativo, <b><i>no voy a rehuir el desafío a descubrir la falacia subyacente a toda tentativa de esa clase y a frustrar así su arrogancia.</i></b> Sin embargo, no por esto pierden jamás del todo la esperanza de mejor suerte quienes están ya acostumbrados a la </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">persuasión dogmática. Por ello </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">me atengo a esta única exigencia razonable: que se justifique, en términos universales y partiendo de la naturaleza del entendimiento, así como de todas las demás fuentes cognoscitivas, cómo es posible ampliar el conocimiento propio completamente a priori y extenderlo hasta donde ninguna experiencia posible alcanza, hasta allí donde, consiguientemente, no hay medio alguno suficiente para garantizar realidad objetiva a un concepto producido por nosotros mismos.</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sea cual sea el modo según el cual llega el entendimiento a tal concepto, es imposible encontrar en él, analíticamente, la existencia del objeto al que se refiere, ya que <i>conocer la existencia del objeto consiste precisamente en poner éste en sí mismo, fuera del pensamiento.</i></b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>Ahora bien, es completamente imposible salir de un concepto partiendo de él sólo; es igualmente imposible descubrir nuevos objetos y seres trascendentes (-überschwenglicher Wesen-) sin seguir la conexión </i></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>empírica (mediante la cual no se nos dan más que fenómenos).</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Sin embargo, aunque la razón, en su uso meramente especulativo, esté muy lejos de ser capaz de concluir un proyecto tan grande, es decir, de llegar a la existencia de un ser supremo, tal proyecto no deja de prestarle un importante servicio, en el sentido de corregir el conocimiento de ese ser en el caso de que este conocimiento fuese derivable de otras fuentes; en el sentido de hacerlo concordar consigo mismo y con toda perspectiva inteligible; en el sentido de depurarlo de todo cuanto sea incompatible con el concepto de un ser supremo y de toda mezcla de limitaciones empíricas.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>De acuerdo con ello, la teología trascendental sigue poseyendo, independientemente de toda su insuficiencia, un importante uso negativo, siendo una permanente censura de la razón, al no ocuparse ésta más que de ideas puras que, precisamente por serlo, no permiten que se las mida sino a escala trascendental.</i></b> En efecto, si la suposición de un <b><i>ser supremo y omnisuficiente, como inteligencia suprema, proclamara su validez indiscutible desde otra perspectiva —tal vez la práctica—,</i></b> sería de la mayor importancia determinar con exactitud este concepto en su perfil trascendental, como concepto de<b><i> un ser necesario y realísimo, </i></b>eliminando cuanto se opone a la realidad suprema, cuanto pertenece al simple fenómeno (al <b><i>antropomorfismo en sentido amplio</i></b>) y haciendo desaparecer, al mismo tiempo, todas las afirmaciones contrapuestas, <b><i>sean ateas, deístas o antropomórficas</i></b>. Es muy fácil esta tarea en semejante tratamiento crítico, ya que los mismos motivos en virtud de los cuales se demuestra la incapacidad de la razón para afirmar la existencia de ese ser, tienen que ser suficientes para probar lo inadecuado de toda afirmación en sentido contrario. En efecto, <b><i>¿de dónde se va a sacar, por pura especulación de la razón, el conocimiento de que no hay un ser supremo como fundamento primario de todo; o de que no le conviene ninguna de las propiedades que, por sus consecuencias, nos representamos como análogas a las realidades dinámicas de un ser pensante; o de que, en el caso de que le convengan, tienen que estar sometidas a todas las limitaciones que la sensibilidad impone inevitablemente a las inteligencias que conocemos a través de la experiencia?. </i></b> <b>El ser supremo se queda, pues, en mero ideal del uso meramente especulativo de la razón, aunque sea un ideal perfecto, concepto que concluye y corona el conocimiento humano entero y cuya realidad objetiva no puede ser demostrada por este camino, pero tampoco refutada</b>. Si tiene que haber una <b><i>teología moral </i></b>capaz de suplir esta deficiencia, la antes meramente problemática teología trascendental se revela indispensable debido a que determina su concepto y censura permanentemente una razón que a menudo es engañada por la sensibilidad y que no siempre está en armonía con sus propias ideas. <b>La necesidad, la infinitud, la unidad, la existencia fuera del mundo (no como alma del mundo), la eternidad sin condiciones de tiempo, la ubicuidad sin condiciones de espacio, la omnipotencia, etc., no son más que predicados trascendentales y, por ello mismo, su concepto depurado, tan necesario a toda teología, sólo puede ser extraído de la teología trascendental.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>(*) Nota de Kant:</b> <i>No moral teológica, ya que ésta contiene leyes éticas que presuponen la existencia de un </i></span><i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">supremo gobernador del mundo. La teología moral es, en cambio, una convicción —basada en </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">leyes éticas— de la existencia de un ser supremo. </span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Fuente: </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><b>Crítica de toda teología fundada en los principios especulativos de la razón</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Immanuel Kant. Capítulo VII. Sección III. Sección Segunda. Libro Segundo. </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Dialéctica trascendental.Libro II. Lógica Trascendental.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Crítica de la razón Pura (Kritik der reinen Vernunft, 1781/87)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Traducción Pedro Ribas. Editorial Taurus </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Crítica de la Razón Pura</span>(Descargables/versiones/traducciones)(PDF)</b></span></div>
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<li><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://mega.nz/#F!awUiGQJY!R9lUNKJPQgnIJL0MM7V1VQ" target="_blank">Crítica de la Razón Pura (traducciones al castellano)</a></b></li>
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<li><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://mega.nz/#F!zs0ixYiZ!galp9lIvyFuRGfeRv00x3w" target="_blank">Critique of Pure Reason (English)</a></b></li>
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<li><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://mega.nz/#F!D9kSgb4b!PNOLE4kS5Ursp6JFiQ_OvA" target="_blank">Kritik der Reinen Vernuf (Deutsch)</a></b></li>
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Filosofía en Costa Ricahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913529307278002591noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3899327006290566633.post-59208751213693142292015-06-14T15:19:00.001-06:002015-06-14T16:51:04.630-06:00Peter Sloterdijk: La orgullosa mano que da (+Vídeo-entrevista)<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">"Hasta hace algún tiempo, directa e inequívocamente, los ricos vivían a expensas de la explotación de los pobres; en la economía actual, los ciudadanos improductivos viven cada vez más a expensas de los productivos, aunque de una manera equívoca, ya que se les dice, -y lo creen-, que cómo están en desventaja, merecen cada vez más. Hoy en día, de hecho, la mitad de la población de cada nación, se compone de personas con poco o ningún ingreso, que están exentos de impuestos y viven, en gran medida, de la otra mitad de la población, que paga impuestos. Si esta situación llegara a radicalizarse aun más, podría dar lugar a un conflicto social masivo. La tesis sumamente plausible, postulada por los defensores del libre-mercado, que la explotación se da por parte de un sector improductivo al sector productivo, -prevalece entonces-, sobre la tesis socialista, -mucho menos prometedora-, que la explotación del sector trabajo se da por el sector capital."</span></i></b></blockquote>
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Peter Sloterdijk</span></b></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>La mano que da, la mano que toma</b> </span><b>(2010</b>)</i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Peter Sloterdijk: La mano que da.</span> </b></span><br />
<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>La nueva cuestión social</b></b><br />
<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>(Entrevista con Katja Gentinetta)</b></b><br />
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<li><i><b>Los ciudadanos serían más felices si en lugar de pagar impuestos por obligación los donasen voluntariamente, defiende el polémico Peter Sloterdijk en su nuevo libro en español</b></i></li>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Los dos últimos libros en castellano de <a href="http://cultura.elpais.com/cultura/2013/10/30/actualidad/1383165263_629032.html">Peter Sloterdijk</a> (Karlsruhe, 1947) —el filósofo más popular de Alemania en la actualidad— son diferentes en contenido y densidad, aunque encomiables por su claridad y estilo, bien reflejado por Isidoro Reguera. No en vano a Sloterdijk lo tildan de<b><i> “filósofo literario”</i></b> antes que académico. Como es habitual, se muestra brillante en ambos ensayos: provocador e incisivo en el primero, y más poético en el segundo, que versa en detalle sobre la idea de Fortuna en el Decameróny, en general, en la realidad humana desde el Renacimiento; lo inspiró una <a href="http://ortegamunoz.com/2014/06/sloterdijk-y-extremadura/">visita de Sloterdijk a Extremadura</a>, de la que da cuenta Reguera en el ensayo esclarecedor que cierra el libro.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El volumen que publica Siruela tiene otro cariz. Recoge los documentos de una sonora polémica que caldeó a los intelectuales alemanes en 2009 y 2010. Sloterdijk causó revuelo con un artículo en el <b><i>Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</i></b> en el que esbozaba unas ideas novedosas sobre<b><i> el pago de impuestos al Estado</i></b>. La tesis que suscitó el rechazo mayoritario de sus críticos sostiene que <b><i>los ciudadanos de un Estado democrático seríamos más felices si en lugar de pagar impuestos por obligación y bajo coacción los donásemos de forma voluntaria y, a la vez, fuésemos dueños de controlar su destino</i></b>. Al autor de semejante alarde utópico le llovieron críticas aceradas de filósofos y economistas, casi todos surgidos del ala “veteroizquierdista” de la política. Objetaban que pagar impuestos de manera voluntaria beneficiaría sólo a “los ricos”, quienes se acogerían a la voluntariedad para dar lo menos posible, puesto que ellos son los malos por antonomasia, y sólo buscan esquilmar a los pobres.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sin dar su brazo a torcer, en 2010 Sloterdijk publicó numerosos documentos de la polémica en forma de libro bajo el título: La mano que toma y la parte que da; la presente edición española contiene una selección con lo más relevante —y menos localista— del libro alemán: un combativo prólogo de Sloterdijk, los artículos de la polémica y varias entrevistas que el filósofo concedió sobre el caso. El resultado es un volumen jugosísimo y valiente que toca temas de finanzas y política, pero también de filosofía.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Muy interesante es<b> la revisión que hace Sloterdijk de la teoría que presupone la maldad innata del ser humano desde la nueva perspectiva de la generosidad, asimismo propia del hombre. También los seres humanos son por naturaleza <i>“dadores”</i></b>. Dar y sentirse orgullosos de ello los hace felices, argumenta. Y si es un hecho que la solidaridad crece entre los más necesitados, igualmente se da entre los más pudientes —la filantropía de Bill Gates, por ejemplo—. Sloterdijk apuesta porque en una sociedad abrumada por los impuestos y dominada por el eros (el deseo incalmable de poseer), en la que el ciudadano es cada vez más invisible para el Estado que lo obliga, se haga fuerte<b><i> la prevalencia del thymós, del orgullo y la valentía de los dadores libres, los contribuyentes voluntarios.</i></b> En su opinión, de generalizarse la virtud de dar surgiría una ciudadanía con sentimientos más aristocráticos a la par que integradores; <b><i>sustituirían al plebeyismo, pesimismo y amargura que ahora la dominan.</i></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El rechazo que cosechó Sloterdijk entre las fuerzas progresistas de la sociedad alemana fue clamoroso; lo tacharon de<b><i> “conservador neoliberal”</i></b> y<i> favorecedor de la clase acomodada. </i>Se defendió argumentando que sólo había lanzado una mera hipótesis teórica; sin embargo, con ella puso en jaque las creencias y la conciencia de todos aquellos que, en su acomodo a la derecha o a la izquierda, parecían seguir alimentando con sus protestas y nula imaginación la sempiterna prepotencia del Estado convencional.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>Fiscalidad voluntaria y responsabilidad ciudadana</i></b>. Peter Sloterdijk. Edición e introducción de Carla Carmona. Traducción de Isidoro Reguera. Siruela. Madrid, 2014. 172 páginas. 17,95 euros.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>El reino de la fortuna.</b> Peter Sloterdijk. Seguido del ensayo de Isidoro Reguera “Extremadura, renacimiento, fortuna”.Traducción de Isidoro Reguera. Edición Bilingüe. Fundación Ortega Muñoz. Badajoz, 2013. 112 páginas. 12 euros.</span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Original en: </span></b></span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Moreno Claros, L.F. (3/1/2015).</span><i> </i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>La orgullosa mano que da</i>. En: "El País" [en línea]. Disponible en. <a href="http://cultura.elpais.com/cultura/2014/12/30/babelia/1419967380_453644.html">http://cultura.elpais.com/cultura/2014/12/30/babelia/1419967380_453644.html</a></span></li>
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</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Ver también: </b></span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sloterdijk, </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Peter (2009). </span><i>Die Revolution der gebenden Hand. </i>In: </span><br /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Peter Sloterdijk. Philosoph und Schriftsteller. [On line] Available: <a href="http://petersloterdijk.net/2009/06/die-revolution-der-gebenden-hand/" target="_blank"> http://petersloterdijk.net/2009/06/die-revolution-der-gebenden-hand/</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sloterdijk, </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Peter (2010). </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>The Grasping Hand. The modern democratic state pillages its productive citizens. </i>In: City Journal. [On line]. Available: <a href="http://www.city-journal.org/2010/20_1_snd-democratic-state.html">http://www.city-journal.org/2010/20_1_snd-democratic-state.html</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rodríguez Braun, Carlos (20/02/2015).</span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fiscalidad voluntaria y responsabilidad ciudadana. </i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">En: El Cultural. [En línea]. Disponible en: </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.elcultural.com/revista/letras/Fiscalidad-voluntaria-y-responsabilidad-ciudadana/35997">http://www.elcultural.com/revista/letras/Fiscalidad-voluntaria-y-responsabilidad-ciudadana/35997</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sainz Borgo, Karina (13/01/2015)<i>. Peter Sloterdijk la lía otra vez: del pago voluntario de impuestos a Harry Potter como héroe neoliberal.</i> En: Vozpópuli [En línea]. Disponible en: </span><a href="http://vozpopuli.com/ocio-y-cultura/55653-peter-sloterdijk-la-lia-otra-vez-del-pago-voluntario-de-impuestos-a-harry-potter-como-heroe-neoliberal" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">http://vozpopuli.com/ocio-y-cultura/55653-peter-sloterdijk-la-lia-otra-vez-del-pago-voluntario-de-impuestos-a-harry-potter-como-heroe-neoliberal</a></li>
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Filosofía en Costa Ricahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913529307278002591noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3899327006290566633.post-69455100110704073602015-06-09T20:26:00.003-06:002015-06-14T20:36:40.129-06:00Constantino Láscaris: El tabú del sexo en la cultura occidental (1978)(Audio/Conferencia)<center>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>El tabú del sexo en la cultura occidental,</i> tema abordado por Constantino Láscaris, a partir de la obra psicoanalítica de Sigmund Freud. Conferencia impartida </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">en la Escuela de Estudios Generales de la Universidad de Costa Rica, en el año, 1978, un año antes de su muerte</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantino_L%C3%A1scaris_Comneno_Micolaw" target="_blank">Constantino Láscaris Comneno Micolaw(1923-1979)</a></b></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Constantino Láscaris, por Roberto Murillo</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Afortunadamente para quienes ingresamos en la<b> Universidad de Costa Rica </b>en los últimos años cincuenta, <b>Rodrigo Facio</b> era un rector con ideas y con la voluntad de ponerlas en práctica.<b> Una de sus más felices obras fue su viaje a Europa, en compañía del presidente Figueres, para buscar profesores excelentes.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El mejor de los resultados de aquella acción fue la venida sin retorno de </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Constantino Láscaris</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">como director de Filosofía</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. Tenía, al decir de su colega y amigo </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Teodoro Olarte</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">apenas el indispensable volumen físico para no ser declarado ente metafísico</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Amigo del diálogo amistoso hasta muy entrada la noche, se levantaba tarde y prefería el café de la universidad a la oficina, lo que entonces, como ahora, no agradaba a la burocracia miope. Su obra efectiva de aquellos años no tiene precio: el país entero escuchaba sus conferencias semanales transmitidas por la Radio Universidad, los alumnos las oían de viva voz y las leían impresas, visitaba los cantones, impartía seminarios sobre </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Platón y Aristóteles </b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a los profesores asociados. Se prodigaba y a veces parecía que, contra el mandamiento, amaba a su prójimo más que a sí mismo.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">En algún momento pensamos que Constantino había dejado la filosofía por la historia del pensamiento. Con fina ironía, alegaba socráticamente que su función no era dar a luz la verdad, sino inducir mayéuticamente a otros a hacerlo.</span></div>
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<b>Libertad. </b>Hay algo que se puede destacar como su constante filosófica y personal: su indeclinable fidelidad a una palabra de <b>Anaximandro</b> parafraseada en sus lecciones y en sus escritos: <b><i>“La vida es meditación y la libertad que de esta se deriva”</i></b>. Nunca fue para Láscaris la razón argumento contra la libertad, ni esta refutación de aquella. En lo demás, fue sorprendente y paradójico, <i>declarándose a veces platónico</i> y, hacia el final de su vida (murió a los 55 años), <i>materialista “craso”</i> (no dialéctico).</div>
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Tengo el sentimiento de que Constantino vive todavía y me parece escuchar su voz, clara y cordial,<i> persuadiéndonos de la perfecta coherencia entre la intuición del ser, la libertad del yo pensante y la importancia del desarrollo tecnológico, como en la conocida metáfora cartesiana del árbol del conocimiento.</i></div>
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Poco después de su llegada a Costa Rica, quiso Láscaris enterarse dignamente de su hábitat y emprendió la investigación del <i>desarrollo de las ideas en el país</i>, sin que nadie le diera aquí grandes esperanzas al respecto. Un tiempo después, hizo otro tanto con <i>las ideas en Centroamérica.</i> De allí resultaron dos obras fundamentales, reveladoras de su penetración y generosidad frente a lo nuestro.</div>
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La gran cultura de Láscaris, su extraordinario sentido histórico, su simpatía por el liberalismo de corte francés, su respeto por la ontología como núcleo del filosofar, transparecen en esas obras de historia del pensamiento, como en sus<b><i> Estudios de filosofía moderna</i></b> .</div>
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<b>Advertencias.</b> De un optimismo ilimitado en relación con Costa Rica, vio el peligro mayor, que hoy no ha hecho más que confirmarse, asechando a la patria: el de la pérdida de las raíces. En 1975 escribió:</div>
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<b><i>“Costa Rica se enfrentará en los próximos decenios con la tarea de convertirse de Estado pequeño en Estado de exigencias grandes, por el crecimiento de la población y por la necesidad de industrializarse. Entonces corre un peligro, el de dejar de ser-se, perdiendo su idiosincrasia en un internacionalismo irreflexivo” (Desarrollo de las ideas en Costa Rica, ECR, 1975, p. 18).</i></b></blockquote>
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Decía Láscaris que, <i>al cruzar el Atlántico hacia el oeste, un hombre siente que se ha hecho más viejo y, en política, más izquierdista: así lo ven sus nuevos prójimos americanos.</i> De esta manera Constantino fue, en Costa Rica, <i>un viejo liberal de izquierda</i>, al menos hasta el final de los sesenta y mientras intentó, con su maestro <b>Jean-Paul Sartre</b>,<i> pasar a pie enjuto del existencialismo a cierto marxismo libertario (el de los “marxianos”).</i></div>
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Pero Láscaris sabía bien que el marxismo es un peligroso descendiente de la Ilustración y que la dictadura de partido puede desembocar en el oscurantismo y en la inhumanidad.</div>
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Por ello, por haber visto en nuestras universidades amagos poco felices de intransigencia institucionalizada, dedicó Láscaris sus últimos años a la defensa de<i> la libertad individual, </i>comenzando por la más radical, la de pensamiento; pero siempre acentuó la diferencia entre su <i>liberalismo estatista</i> de orientación francesa y el<i> neoliberalismo de los manchesterianos</i>: el suyo fue un ideario humanista vinculado con la <b>paideia griega</b>.</div>
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<b>Epicúreo.</b> Como madrileño y un poco parisino, como socrático, Láscaris era un hombre de ciudad y de tertulia. No pudiendo tomar vino en los trópicos, no dejaba la taza de café ni los cigarrillos sin filtro; pero, a partir de sus cuarenta y cinco años, se dio cuenta de la enorme riqueza pagana de la naturaleza en Costa Rica.</div>
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Para seguir los pasos de <b><i>Platón en el El sofista</i></b>, se hizo pescador con caña, sintiendo en la pesca algo parecido al asedio de los arduos problemas filosóficos, como el de esta nada radical de la que fue haciéndose riesgoso amante. Disfrutó con voluptuosidad de las delicias de la playa Santa Elena, de Cahuita, de las islas del lago de Nicaragua. Cantó al eros tropical en un poemario suyo poco conocido, <b><i>De Salomón a Demóstenes Smith.</i></b></div>
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A una sociedad de nuevos ricos, pagados de naderías, pareció a veces cínico pues decía que a él no le importaban para nada los ricos, ni él a ellos.<i> Él se sentía epicúreo. A nosotros nos parecía estoico.</i></div>
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Hoy, ya lejano el doloroso trauma de su muerte, evocamos en él su pensamiento penetrante, siempre dialógico, su libertad contagiosa y, en la tradición homérica, su sonrisa que, al decir de Enrique Macaya, <i>no sabíamos si era la de la antigua Grecia o la sonrisa de <b>Voltaire</b></i> .<br />
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</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Fuente: </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://wvw.nacion.com/ancora/2009/marzo/08/ancora1894936.html" target="_blank">Roberto Murillo Zamora: <i>Constantino Láscaris</i>. La Nación el 18 de junio de 1989</a></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Ver también:</b></span><br />
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<li><b style="color: #141823; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.31999969482422px;"><a href="http://ow.ly/O6t85" target="_blank">El filósofo hispano-costarricense abogó por la legalización de la marihuana, en la Costa Rica de 1968</a></b></li>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Ver además (descargables en PDF).</b></span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://mega.nz/#!HsNQDLyI!QB11p4h5EhWNG7TGpp5c3IGEGuv2JPkp7fVuiD_Y4Fg" target="_blank">Constantino Láscaris Comneno. <i>Algunos pensadores centroamericanos</i> (1977)</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://mega.nz/#!2tM0wJiK!nSKn2dxe9g5g0UaEdU81WVKHutdbtrBdZcWGDmBhCnY" target="_blank">Plutarco Bonilla.<i>Constantino Láscaris Comneno. Recuerdos de un pasado que parece apenas un ayer: la anécdota como retrato</i> (2004)</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://mega.nz/#!DplwlTzT!BumR_jnfCzhpH1O0B4rps97ki1_H2USojGNuwWe3mpM" target="_blank">Eduardo Saxe F.-Constantino-Lascaris-Comneno. <i>El-derecho humano a una memoria digna </i>(2014)</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://mega.nz/#!Txl0mLLB!aRFbHa8VrZ9Y5E-AUADllfEOWzNCWimLK6NwXNvfzFE" target="_blank">Arnoldo Mora R. <i>Homenaje a Constantino Láscaris Comneno</i>. (2014) </a></span></li>
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Filosofía en Costa Ricahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913529307278002591noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3899327006290566633.post-66858235876758159932015-06-08T01:36:00.002-06:002015-06-10T22:55:55.616-06:00Roberto Murillo: " Don Quijote de la Mancha, Miguel de Cervantes" (Audio/Conferencia)<center>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="180" src="https://www.mixcloud.com/widget/iframe/?embed_type=widget_standard&embed_uuid=91452a28-9723-41f7-9dee-43502e3f4e09&feed=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mixcloud.com%2Ffilosofia_costarica%2Fdr-roberto-murillo-zamora-don-quijote-de-la-mancha-conferencia-21-11-92-san-isidro-del-general%2F&hide_cover=1&hide_tracklist=1&replace=0" width="560"></iframe></center>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Roberto Murillo Zamora: Don Quijote de la Mancha de Miguel de Cervantes</span></b>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Conferencia pública, realizada el 21 de Noviembre de 1992, en San Isidro del General, Zona Sur, Costa Rica. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMXrPENUPQqfmHJFS1Ym5_w9pYQdijO08TLjSTicPNVuxoMUZUvgcFQwABcVO_yWqO8x42ADQ_Xt5mSK1WEVWeUMoQ_AIYPjFzLbAtA6nTsvDJvmEgD12ftZPFCsxFJ8meaj6pZNOolHdI/s1600/Roberto+Murillo+Zamora+FINAL+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMXrPENUPQqfmHJFS1Ym5_w9pYQdijO08TLjSTicPNVuxoMUZUvgcFQwABcVO_yWqO8x42ADQ_Xt5mSK1WEVWeUMoQ_AIYPjFzLbAtA6nTsvDJvmEgD12ftZPFCsxFJ8meaj6pZNOolHdI/s320/Roberto+Murillo+Zamora+FINAL+2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><b>Roberto Murillo Zamora: (1939-1994). </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Breve biografía del conferenciante: </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nació en Cartago. Licenciado en Filosofía de la <b><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_Costa_Rica" target="_blank">Universidad de Costa Rica</a></b>, posteriormente doctorado en Filosofía, con mención de<i> <b>"trés honorable"</b></i><b> </b>en la <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_Estrasburgo" target="_blank">Universidad de Estrasburgo</a>. Ostentó una impresionante trayectoria como profesor, académico y catedrático en la disciplina filosófica, especialmente en la Universidad de Costa Rica, donde fungió como Decano de la Facultad de Letras de la Universidad de Costa Rica. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Recibió dos veces el <b>Premio Nacional del Ensayo</b>, 1969, 1975, y obtuvo el grado de <i><b>Caballero de las Palmas Académicas</b> </i>del Gobierno Francés. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Articulista y ensayista notable, dueño de un estilo preciso y galano, Roberto Murillo se caracterizó como uno de los más inteligentes comentaristas costarricenses, rico de temas, enfoques y matices. Su capacidad de pensador y su sensibilidad le permitieron mirar, percibir y auscultar gentes, paisajes, problemas y sucedidos con mirada particularmente avizora, y como desde el grano a la harina, se los devolvía al lector finos de forma y nutricios de contenido y facetas, incluyendo sus dimensiones estéticas. </span><br />
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Filosofía en Costa Ricahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913529307278002591noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3899327006290566633.post-85946762782980776092015-06-06T03:01:00.001-06:002019-03-02T07:33:53.668-06:00Sibö: creador supremo del mundo Skawak (Teología Bribri)<div style="text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpJh0swQtNwYz8tCDtjgras0Mg77t24ExrOZzjMSZHOmDgcD3ab_rFeYU89S32dyvf80dJvK-iXgzjeKbcEUnNXA61WuVbbAHAAcEUNW64JNC6j653LRPdyB1WU0bicLh_s6j-8p70tKCy/s1600/Sib%25C3%25BA+Brunca%2528Kamel+Gonzalez+Rojas%2529+FINAL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpJh0swQtNwYz8tCDtjgras0Mg77t24ExrOZzjMSZHOmDgcD3ab_rFeYU89S32dyvf80dJvK-iXgzjeKbcEUnNXA61WuVbbAHAAcEUNW64JNC6j653LRPdyB1WU0bicLh_s6j-8p70tKCy/s400/Sib%25C3%25BA+Brunca%2528Kamel+Gonzalez+Rojas%2529+FINAL.jpg" width="315" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Sibö, representación alegórica</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>(<a href="http://ballenatales.com/galeria-de-arte-de-k-mel/" target="_blank">Pintor brunca, Melvin Gonzalez Rojas, Kamel</a>)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Sibú o Sibö (en bribri, Sib`ö) es el Dios supremo y sembrador de su pueblo, los Bribris, en Skawak (Talamanca, Costa Rica). Su tradición oral religiosa, puede tipificarse como una teología monoteísta prehispánica, respaldada con una visión de mundo, la cual implica tanto su teogonía, su cosmogonía, como su antropogonía. Tal visión de mundo, asume por defecto, un "nómos cósmico", es decir, el orden legal del estado de las cosas del universo. De ello, se puede colegir una ontología que subsume las pluralidades de seres individuales, con sus propias cualidades, dentro del universo bribri, en el contexto de gama de normas cíclicas de un orden cósmico, que emana hipostáticamente, desde el espacio sagrado del Supremo Sibö, prosiguiendo con los otros dioses subordinados y una pléyade de espíritus, que pueblan la totalidad de los intersticios universales. Un universo ordenado y poblado de dioses, hombres y mujeres, junto con los espíritus que habitan fácticamente en las selvas en forma de animales o plantas. Los espacios y tiempos sagrados, se mezclan heterogéneamente con los espacios y tiempos profanos, lo sagrado es profano y lo profano es sagrado, de ahí, se desprende a su vez, una ecología teológica también. </b></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Más que una mitología, se trata de una teología monoteísta, que se traduce en una religión, que es autóctona de las tierras que hoy son Costa Rica, con sus rituales y un conocimiento sagrado heredado oralmente, es decir, <i>una palabra de Dios, del dios Sibö</i>. </b><br />
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sibö, canta y danza sus enseñanzas</b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(<a href="http://ballenatales.com/galeria-de-arte-de-k-mel/" target="_blank">Pintor brunca, Melvin Gonzalez Rojas, Kamel</a>)</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Sibö, creador de los Bribris, danza y canta sus mandamientos, es decir, las normas de vida, con respecto a sus congéneres, a los espíritus y demás entidades que pueblan la naturaleza en las selvas. Se trata entonces de </b></span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">una ética de la convivencia social junto con una ecología, en la que se estipulan los roles y jerarquías, tanto en los órdenes supranaturales, como en los naturales, cuyas fronteras son borrosas. Por consecuencia, es una ética que se traduce en el orden político, en la ordenanza de la sociedad Bribrí, con su división social del trabajo, sus especializaciones, sus roles, labores y responsabilidades, explícitamente definidos. </b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Preservar de la palabra de Dios, la palabra de Sibú, su mundo y sus creaturas, es la herencia doctrinal del pueblo Bribri. Se requiere entonces, de individuos sabios, que conozcan y reproduzcan esta sabiduría ancestral sagrada. La doctrina de Sibö, es toda una estética natural, a la vez que una ética social, a la vez que una política o normativa jerárquica de las relaciones de poder moral y coercitivo. Es una manera de percibir y entender el mundo, en el contexto de las faenas cotidianas de su pueblo, de manera muy distinta a la europea occidental, pues los bribris y cabécares, aprenden desde su infancia, el equilibrio ecológico con la naturaleza, y por consecuencia, el equilibrio moral con sus semejantes, sean espíritus animales antropomorfizados, o sean sus semejantes humanos, que son parte de su alteridad sagrada. Es </span></b><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">mitología, teología, cosmología, antropología y filosofía, todo integrado en <i>la visión de mundo heredada en la palabra de Dios, de Sibö.</i></b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <b> Jerarquía político-social Bribri, dada desde la Divinidad: Sibö-Surá</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.sibowak.com/" target="_blank"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: left;">(Sibaja Á., Alberto. </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;">Siböwak</i><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;">)</i></b></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>En términos generales, Sibö o Sibú es el gran espíritu, o principal ser sobrehumano. Es un espíritu bueno, de quien no hay que temer nada y se le rinde una especie de respeto pasivo, pero no adoración ni culto. Se le considera más bien como el jefe del país feliz, del estado futuro; pero que no se molesta por las cosas mundanas. A pesar de todo, se observa en su teología, toda la familia de las tribus es esencialmente monoteísta, aunque muestra una apertura hacia una pluralidad de dioses menores, de menor rango. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Sibú con cabeza de zopilote. Colgante de oro </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://www.museosdelbancocentral.org/esp/informaci%C3%B3n-general-5.html" target="_blank">(Costa Rica, Museo del Oro Precolombino)</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Sibú es el gran espíritu, omnipotente y omnipresente. Es él quien representa el principio del bien, Sibú es el creador del mundo. Habita en el plano superior. <i>No se conocen representaciones materiales de Sibú, el cual enseñó al hombre a danzar y cantar disfrazado de zopilote.</i> A Sibú se le considera como el gran civilizador indígena, y por ello es considerado como una figura mítica.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><b>Cuando Sibú nació, los srbulus se enteraron de su nacimiento por el canto de un gallo, y desearon matarlo. Cuando Sibú creció, para vengarse de los srbulus los hace abandonar el mundo.</b></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Cosmos Bribri</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Historia Bribri de Sibö:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>"Cuenta la historia Bribrí que existe Suré el mundo de allá, detrás del sol y el mundo de acá, la Tierra tal como la conocemos. Suré es la realidad, donde todo es más intenso, real, bueno pero también más malo. En la Tierra todo son sólo reflejos, sombras de la realidad de Suré. Allá estamos nosotros Como somos en verdad, también los animales y las plantas, árboles, ríos y montañas, porque lo de acá en la Tierra es sólo sombra y reflejo de lo que existe detrás del sol y nada existe acá que no haya existido antes en Suré. Allá, tenemos nuestras verdaderas vidas. <b>Somos creados allá y cuando morimos, nacemos acá y cuando morimos acá regresamos allá con el buen Sibú.</b></i></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sibú: señor absoluto</b><br />
<a href="http://www.sibowak.com/" target="_blank"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: left;">(Sibaja Á., Alberto. </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;">Siböwak</i><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;">)</i></b></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Nada es real en el mundo de acá y no se cuestiona, así son las cosas porque así lo quiso el buen Sibú, dios todo poderoso de todo lo que está por encima del suelo.<b> Junto a Sibú esta Surá, el formador, el hacedor, dios de todo lo que está dentro del suelo, quien pudre, desintegra todo como paso necesario para volver a crear.</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Surá: señora o señor del reino interior</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.sibowak.com/" target="_blank"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: left;">(Sibaja Á., Alberto. </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;">Siböwak</i><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;">)</i></b></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Hay dos puertas: la puerta por donde nace el sol, la puerta de lo alto y la puerta por donde el sol se va, la puerta de lo de abajo. Si se abre mucho la puerta del este, salen males, sequías, inundaciones, enfermedades, huracanes, guerras. Por eso Sibú vigila esa puerta todo el día para que los males no vengan acá. <b>Pero siempre logran salir algunos de estos males y cuando nace el sol y caen sobre la Tierra el awá (chaman) con sus cantos y sahumerios los espanta con la ayuda de Sibú, los lanzan por la puerta de abajo, por la puerta por donde el sol se va. Debajo del mar caen y por debajo de la tierra.</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Awa: Chamán invocando los espíritus</b></span><br />
<b><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: start;">(<a href="http://www.mcomunicacionvisual.com/ditso.htm" target="_blank">Ditsö: </a></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.mcomunicacionvisual.com/ditso.htm" target="_blank">El legado de nuestra tierra</a>)</span></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Por las noches, Sibú cuida esa otra puerta. Vela y ayuda al awá que cura las enfermedades, que aleja los malos espíritus con sus ritos y ceremonias; <b>guarda al Dueño de las serpientes y de los peces, que vive en el lado donde el sol se acuesta, para que no lance sus culebras y mate a la gente</b>. El Dueño de las serpientes ve muy mal: ve a las personas como pájaros y les lanza flechas con sus cerbatanas para cazarlos pero <b>sus flechas se vuelven culebras que muerden y matan a la gente.</b> <b>Por eso es peligroso salir a la puesta del sol pues te puede ver el dueño de las serpientes, pensar que eres un pájaro y te lanzará sus flechas y te perderás para siempre.</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i><b>Arabrú, gente pequeña de la selva, extravían y roban niños</b></i></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: start;">(<a href="http://www.mcomunicacionvisual.com/ditso.htm" target="_blank">Ditsö: </a></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.mcomunicacionvisual.com/ditso.htm" target="_blank">El legado de nuestra tierra</a>)</span></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Abajo, <b>dentro de la tierra, vive Surá el Hacedor</b>, la madre Surá, un hombre y una mujer en uno, ellos son los dueños de los animales. Siempre son dos, un rey y una reina.<b> Allí abajo viven también los hombres diminutos, la gente pequeña, que roba niños y hacen muchos daños. </b>Si prestas oídos a la gente pequeña, a los duendes, te perderán y no volverás, no sabremos dónde estás ni lo que haces. No hagas tratos con los hombres diminutos porque son peligrosos.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i><b>Así están hechos el allá y el acá, el arriba y el abajo, la noche y el día. Nadie de acá puede ver el allá y nadie del allá puede ver el acá, así los hizo Sibú y Surá antes del Tiempo y la Historia. Y lo que ellos hicieron nadie lo puede cambiar."</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>(Narración, basada principalmente en <i>"La Creación de la tierra y otras historias del buen Sibú y de los Bribris”</i> de Adela Ferreto, quien se inspiro en la obra de investigación de la antropóloga costarricense Dra. Maria Eugenia Bozzoli.)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>En la Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica,</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> está el mítico Suràyum, lugar donde Sibú creó a los bribris.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Suráyum: centro del mundo</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Alegoría pictorica, a la siembra de las semillas del pueblo</b></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(<a href="http://ballenatales.com/galeria-de-arte-de-k-mel/" target="_blank">Pintor brunca, Melvin Gonzalez Rojas, Kamel</a>)</b></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>En la cosmogonía Bribri, Suráyum es el centro de la tierra y el cielo, es el sitio sagrado por excelencia, donde Sibú trajo las semillas de maíz sagradas (o ditsù) a un lugar en la cordillera de Talamanca, que los indígenas llaman Suráyum (en bribri, Sulàyöm) y las plantó en pares. De esas semillas nacieron los bribris, y otras tribus hermanas, que en la actualidad es el territorio costarricense.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">La mujer al quedar embarazada entra en contacto con Surá, se transforma en la <b><i>“canasta de la vida”</i></b> y carga el<b><i> “germen inmortal del wikor”</i></b>, el espíritu de los ancestros. <b>Desde el principio de los tiempos fue el sagrado lugar escogido por los dioses para ser el centro dinámico de la creación. Es el sitio donde se unen los tres niveles cósmicos: el mundo de los vivos como umbral entre el mundo de los muertos y el de los dioses.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Físicamente lo ubican en <b>Alto Lari, Alta Talamanca</b>, justo en lo que es hoy, <b><i>el centro del Parque Internacional La Amistad, Patrimonio Natural de la Humanidad, compartido entre Costa Rica y Panamá. </i></b>Constituye un valioso legado arqueológico como <b>centro ceremonial donde enterraban a sus reyes y en el fondo del abismo la gigantesca olla de piedra de 42 metros de circunferencia en la que Sibú su dios, trajo de otros planetas la primer semilla humana de maíz, mazorca de todos los colores en representación de la creación de todas las razas.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>El pueblo Bribri</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">El pueblo bribri constituye uno de los grupos étnicos más numerosos de Costa Rica. Aunque la distribución de los pueblos autóctonos costarricenses antes de la conquista no es muy conocida actualmente, sí se tiene certeza de que <b>tanto los bribris como los cabécares estaban asentados en la Cordillera de Talamanca.</b> El sistema social se basaba en el cacicazgos. El religioso Bernardo Thiel calculó que la población bribri sumada a la cabécar alcanzaba unos veintisiete mil indígenas a la llegada de los conquistadores europeos, pero en la actualidad se estima que la población era más numerosa, y que pasaba del millón de habitantes. </span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Se´ttö bribri ie </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(Hablemos en bribri)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>(C.V. Jara M & A. Garcia S.)</b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>El bribri es una lengua tonal posposicional hablada por la comunidad bribri en la región costarricense de Talamanca y en las montañas de la provincia de Bocas del Toro en Panamá. Pertenece a la familia lingüística chibchense, motivo por el cual se encuentra emparentada con otros idiomas locales, como el teribe, el cabécar, el boruca, el guaimí y el maleku.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Los bribris practican una religión animista basada en un chamanismo autóctono, siendo una de las religiones más antiguas aún practicadas en Costa Rica, sino la más antigua. Sus creencias se basan en el culto a Sibú y la estructuración de la sociedad bribri en clanes.</b></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Representación de aldea Bribri</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>El Usuré: Casa Cósmica</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Casa cósmica, de bribris y cabécares</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Es una especie de templo cónico que representa el Universo.</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Es el mundo ancestral, la bóveda celeste. Es el macro-cosmos como Comunidad y el micro-cosmos en lo familiar, es el lugar de reflexión, paz y seguridad.</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Es </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">un gran útero materno protegido por “costillas” circulares donde reposan los largueros o vigas inclinadas a modo de sombrilla, </b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">soportados por 8 postes rollizos principales en representación de los 8 clanes primigenios, cubierto con hojas de palma tejida, con amarras que simbolizan las constelaciones y 4 divisiones físicas aludiendo a los 4 estadios, cielos o planetas.</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Al construir una casa física, automáticamente se construye otra a modo de espejo virtual hacia abajo o supramundo,</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> completando los 8 niveles de la concepción cósmica bribri. Reúnen las oposiciones complementarias de lo masculino-femenino, claro-oscuro, de arriba-abajo…, los dominios de </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sibú y Surá </b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">y su alternancia. </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Díwo el dios Sol</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> que durante el día alumbra los dominios de Sibú, da paso en la noche a </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Síwo la Luna </b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">para que alumbre la </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>“bóveda cósmica”</i></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">: el </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>“gran techo cónico”.</i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Casa cósmica, bóveda cósmica o gran techo cónico</b></span><br />
<b><i><a href="https://books.google.co.cr/books?id=UgTjxxWdw2sC&lpg=PA1&hl=es&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: left;">(Gonzalez C. & F. Gonzalez V. </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: left;">La casa cósmica talamanqueña y sus simbolismos)</span></a></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Cuando <b>DuLu </b>el árbol de la creación estaba a punto de romper la casa cósmica, Sibú pidió ayuda superior y lo cortó, unió sus extremos, creando el círculo de la periferia de la casa cónica,<b><i> formando los océanos como protección de la Gran Casa</i></b>,<b><i> por eso el mar y la tierra son redondos.</i></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>El ápice o cabeza</b> del cono, protege de las filtraciones de agua en su punto crítico, pero también <b>representa la cabeza, una masculina en el físico y otra femenina en la casa virtual</b>, unidas por el poste central a modo de columna vertebral. Esta cabeza también alude a la flecha que<b><i> genera una abertura por donde entra la luz y salen los pensamientos.</i></b></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Usuré: Casa Cósmica</b></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Los espíritus malos matan a la gente y se la comen.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Alegoría de espíritu del Jaguar en Casa Cósmica</b></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(<a href="http://ballenatales.com/galeria-de-arte-de-k-mel/" target="_blank">Pintor brunca, Melvin Gonzalez Rojas, Kamel</a>)</b></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>En el mundo sobrenatural las deudas se pagan con cacao,</b> y los gustos se satisfacen con esta cosecha. La hermana del creador está a cargo de las almas en el inframundo, y todos los seres sobrenaturales amigos o enemigos, <b><i>se alimentan de sangre humana que para ellos es chocolate, o de carne humana que para ellos son bayas de cacao</i></b> , el árbol de cacao doméstico es, en la mitología, una de las esposas del creador. (Bozzoli, <i>Símbolos de intercambio recíproco en la visión de mundo de los bribris,</i> p. 7)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Concepción bribri del universo</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>El universo bribri consta de cuatro grandes divisiones cosmológicas:</b></span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>El mundo de Sibú, del Mar, Trueno y Sol, está arriba;</i></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>la tierra, el mundo de los hombres, animales, plantas, los dueños de los animales, los diablos y otros enemigos de la Semilla (los que no son bribris), está abajo;</i></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>el mundo inferior, donde vive SuL, y</i></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>el cuarto plano, que es el punto de contacto de los otros tres planos, que es el lugar debajo de donde nace el sol, de donde vienen las cosas buenas y malas que pasan en la tierra. (Bozzoli, 19)</i></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">El mundo está gobernado por espíritus buenos, malos y perversos, principios divinos para los cuales no se tienen representaciones materiales, son seres caprichosos y poco tratables, a quienes se les teme pero no se les respeta.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Tanto los <b>espíritus buenos (SuL), como los espíritus malos (Bi)</b>, habitan las partes menos frecuentadas del bosque; <b>a veces son invisibles, y otros aparecen bajo la forma de animales tales como dantas, serpientes y otros. </b>Parece que el calificativo de espíritus buenos haya que reservarlo especialmente para los espíritus auxiliares de los chamanes; entre ellos se destaca </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Dular.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">En el principio del bien y del mal, éste está representado por </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">los Bi y los a</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, nombre genérico de seres sobrenaturales o fuentes de poder sagrado, que llevan a constituir un tabú y cuya violación puede acarrear hasta la muerte. Se trata de no contrariarlos y no puede decirse que no se les rinde culto alguno.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Tkerma señor del rayo y el trueno, es el cazador de los malos espíritus de Bi... </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>cuando sale de cacería, lo acompaña La Lluvia que es su esposa </b></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: start;">(<a href="http://www.mcomunicacionvisual.com/ditso.htm" target="_blank">Ditsö: </a></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.mcomunicacionvisual.com/ditso.htm" target="_blank">El legado de nuestra tierra</a>)</span></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">En cuanto al Sol, se dice que “el Sol es como Dwchke (abuelo) lejano por el lado del clan que no es el propio, es un enemigo que deja salir las enfermedades por el este”</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. Los bribris nacieron en la oscuridad, antes de salir el sol; los blancos nacieron cuando salió el sol. Dios celebró toda la noche el nacimiento de los bribris pero al salir el sol vino el demonio y el sol quemó toda la vida . </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Estas declaraciones indican que el sol es un pariente político en la cosmología o un particular hostil.</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Quizás por esta creencia es que </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>se evita el contacto con el sol en este confinamiento ritual, </i></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">como un elemento de contaminación e impureza. (Bozzoli: Símbolos de intercambio recíproco en la visión de mundo de los bribris).</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Se le atribuye un dueño o wak a cada cosa creada. El creador mismo es el dueño de la gente. La principal disputa del demonio con Dios surge de que éste se considera dueño de las posesiones del creador.</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>La creación del sol y de la luna</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>“Sibú ha dejado a la luna como mujer.</b> Sibú no quiso que existieran dos astros iguales uno encima del otro. Tampoco era conveniente que, al igual que el sol, apareciera otro astro que tuviera su mismo movimiento. Entonces Sibú vio que eso no serviría en ese lugar y a la vez Sibú vio que para la semilla humana eso no serviría. <b>En el día, habiendo dos astros, calentarían los dos igualmente, entonces Sibú analizó esto y dijo que no era posible que las cosas fueran así. Era necesario, dijo Sibú, que se enfriara uno, que es el que ahora camina de noche, y que quedara congelado. De tal manera lo resolvió que quedó el sol y ése quedó caliente.” </b>(Bozzoli, 1977: 83)</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El otro sol: /Divó/</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">“…Pero antes, en Ka, el tiempo infinito… Lejos, en Ka, el infinito espacio, </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sibú hizo otro sol, enorme, mil veces más grande que este sol de la Tierra; mil veces más caliente. ¡Es un sol terrible! Nadie lo ha visto, nadie sabe dónde está, nadie lo conoce</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rueda por Ka, el espacio infinito; rueda desde Ka, el infinito tiempo.</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Pero si matas a otro, pero si haces correr la sangre de un hombre, allá serás lanzado.</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> A este terrible sol que no vemos, que no conocemos, que nadie sabe dónde está oculto, y que arde más que mil soles, allá van los asesinos.</b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Si derramas la sangre de un hombre, cuando te mueras no serás recibido en Suré (entiéndase Sulakoska), el Lugar de la Verdad, que queda al otro lado del sol, en donde vivimos antes de nacer, en donde nos hizo Sula, y Sibú el bueno nos espera</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Si asesinas a alguien no podrás ir allí. Irás al lugar terrible que se esconde en las profundidades de Ka, que existe desde Ka, el infinito tiempo…”</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> (Adela Ferreto, Historias del buen Sibú y de los bribris, p. 42)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>La creación de la tierra Iriria</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Es la niña tierra, que vivía en uno de los cuatro mundos subterráneos. Antes de que subiera a la superficie,<b> un murciélago le chupó la sangre, luego subió y de las deyecciones del murciélago en el centro de la casa aparecieron diversas plantas. Sibú pensó que del alimento (tierra) consumido por el murciélago, él podría crear la tierra.</b></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Namaitmi, la danta, madre de Iriria y hermana de Sibú</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, es invitada por éste a la fiesta de inauguración de la casa cósmica, para que preparara la bebida de chocolate para la fiesta. Cuando Namaitmi se encuentra en la fiesta, Sula, el padre de Iriria, toma a la niña y la lleva a la superficie, que era pura roca, sobre la que muere. </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">De su sangre derramada sobre la roca se formó la tierra para la semilla.</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">En otra versión, es su abuela </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Namasia </b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">quien la lleva a la fiesta. Una vez allí, Namaitmi, al notar la presencia de su hija, trata de alzarla, pero ésta se le resbala de las manos y es aplastada por los participantes que danzaban en la celebración. Ellos bailaban el sorbn, una danza ritual bribri<b> q</b></span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ue conmemora la creación de la tierra y la construcción del universo. La fiesta con la que se celebra el nacimiento de Iriria es una fiesta funeraria. </b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(Bozzoli:1986, p. 18)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>La creación del mar</b></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Por deseo de Sibú, Shulekma y Tsami se unieron y ésta última quedó embarazada.</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Habiendo querido salir a defecar, tomó el bastón de Shulekma. A pesar de que Shulekma le había ordenado no soltar el bastón, Tsami lo depositó en el suelo durante un rato. Cuando llegó a buscarlo, el bastón se había convertido en una serpiente, la cual la mordió, provocándole la muerte.</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">De su vientre surgió un </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">árbol que amenazaba con romper el techo de la casa de Sibú,</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> por lo que éste ordenó a sus ayudantes que lo cortaran. Al caer el árbol, un animal corrió y unió la copa con las raíces, formando de este modo una circunferencia, que se transformó en el mar alrededor de la tierra.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Mitos de origen de los bribris y cabécares</b></span><br />
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<img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhequZk-IoVHBfJ1x_1uLKYvFcygYWXlhc4i1ERLRLfIS4xsAxsWA1bI5Hn8Eh22Pw7Wu3kdHWaHYfJFHCUBbDqbcPoUS_cy8_pZzs7dBDaR6YNWN3DXMJLnQZxmW6Pl74xffFMV7R7FX7/s640/Los+gigantes+que+caminaron+la+tierra+antes+de+que+Sibu+trajera+la+semilla+%2528Final%2529.jpg" width="475" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Un Kambra o gigante que vivía en la tierra antes de que Sibö trajera la semilla.</b></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: start;">(<a href="http://www.mcomunicacionvisual.com/ditso.htm" target="_blank">Ditsö: </a></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.mcomunicacionvisual.com/ditso.htm" target="_blank">El legado de nuestra tierra</a>)</span></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Sibú trajo las semillas de maíz de debajo de donde nace el sol, de las que descienden los clanes bribris y cabécares.</b> <b>Estas semillas son los bribris y sus clanes</b>. En algunas narraciones, Sibú aparece como aire o viento que dispersa las semillas o la gente. Las semillas florecen con la mezcla de la tierra y el aire,<b> SuL y Sibú</b>. Los individuos son inmortales en el sentido de que se mantienen como semillas en el mundo de SuL, de donde vuelven a nacer.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Valle de las Morenas, Cordillera de Talamanca</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Los bribris y sus vecinos indígenas se originaron en semillas de maíz que Sibú dejó en Sulayom, en el alto Lari (en el Chirripó). Algunas semillas se convirtieron en chanchos de monte y cruzaron la cordillera, y detrás de ellos se fueron los teribles como monos.</b></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cuando Sibú trajo la semilla nombró cada clan y le dio su trabajo específico</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">También trajo los clanes divididos en pares, para intercambiar los cónyuges entre uno y otro. Hasta el presente, cuando se le pregunta a alguien en qué clanes puede casarse, se menciona sólo uno en la mitad opuesta, el que está emparejado con el de uno.</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> (p. 43)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Se presupone que </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">los bribris conquistaron militarmente a los cabécares, pero éstos mantuvieron la superioridad religiosa</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. Según Bozzoli, este supuesto se basa en la división político religiosa de trabajo que los caracterizó en el siglo pasado, </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">en el cual un clan cabécar nombraba al especialista ritual de más alto rango, y algunos clanes de habla bribri nombraban los reyes.</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Para Bozzoli, </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">los dos grupos pueden considerarse como uno solo en cuanto a su sistema de creencias y de prácticas bélicas y desde el punto de vista institucional. La divergencia lingüística ocurrió debido a las distancias entre clanes (que se definían territorialmente) y a los rasgos geográficos de los valles de los ríos talamanqueños que los clanes ocupaban, los cuales restringieron la interacción y motivaron que cada grupo estuviera sometido a las influencias de vecinos diferentes.</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Origen de las enfermedades</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Sibú burló a sus convives.</b> Muchos de aquellos seres que ayudaron a Sibú a construir su casa y a quienes éste robó su trabajo y su propiedad, <b>son los que los sukias hoy llaman dueños de las enfermedades</b>. Burlados por Sibú, todos ellos quieren vengarse y ésta es la explicación que los talamanqueños dan a las enfermedades. (Guevara, 1988, p. 26)</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Espíritus de los animales</span></b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Todos los animales de caza tienen reyes o protectores de animales, que pueden adoptar la forma de animal o de cualquier cosa que les plazca.</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Son invulnerables y peligrosos, por lo que algunas veces son la encarnación del espíritu malo o Bi</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Dí´sujcra-dueño o duende del agua </span></b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(<a href="http://ballenatales.com/galeria-de-arte-de-k-mel/" target="_blank">Pintor brunca, Melvin Gonzalez Rojas, Kamel</a>)</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Las reglas para tratar con los dueños son: </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>se debe contar con su permiso para tomar algo de ellos, por medio de una cuidadosa negociación; tomar las cosas sin su permiso resulta en peligro, enfermedad o muerte; los dueños están obligados a dar parte de lo que les pertenece; por algunas cosas no deben pedir nada a cambio, y por otras tienen derecho a recibir algo equivalente.</i></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> (Bozzoli: Las relaciones hombre-naturaleza y las ideologías nacionales costarricenses sobre los recursos naturales, art. pg. 47).</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>En cuanto a la relación con los animales, nadie tiene derecho de causarles sufrimiento; por el maltrato a los animales domésticos el castigo se recibe después de la muerte, cuando el alma va hacia el inframundo.</i></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Los seres humanos son los dueños de los animales domésticos. </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Los animales silvestres son seres sobrenaturales que habitan en la selva</i></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. En relación con los animales comestibles, sean domésticos o silvestres,</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i> la regla es distribuir su carne a parientes y conocidos.</i></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>La mezquindad ha sido el único pecado reconocido; el no compartir la carne con los demás se castiga en el camino al inframundo</i></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. Los animales no comestibles se evitan; no causan enfermedad grave ni castigo después de la muerte.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Awá, médico, curandero, Sukia</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.sibowak.com/" target="_blank"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: left;">(Sibaja Á., Alberto. </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;">Siböwak</i><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;">)</i></b></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>La selva está gobernada por el dueño general de los animales.</b> <b><i>Este dueño es el awá (médico, sukia) que cada especie animal tiene, y los grupos de animales que tienen algunas características en común tienen su dueño. </i></b>Estos dueños tienen parientes y sus territorios propios.</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>El dueño general es amigo de los humanos si las reglas para tomar recursos silvestres se respetan</i></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. Sin embargo, <b><i>los dueños específicos de los animales, quienes viven con el dueño general como parientes, son hostiles a los humanos, porque la gente caza su especie. </i></b></span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Como intercambio por los animales que el dueño general le permite a los humanos cazar, los dueños específicos cazan a los seres humanos.</i></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Para tratar con estos diablos, la gente puede contar con seres amistosos tales como el dueño del trueno, de los vientos y de algunas plantas, que son algunos de los espíritus protectores. (Bozzoli, ibid, p. 48)</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Awá, Sukia o Médico sagrado</span></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: start;">(<a href="http://www.mcomunicacionvisual.com/ditso.htm" target="_blank">Ditsö: </a></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.mcomunicacionvisual.com/ditso.htm" target="_blank">El legado de nuestra tierra</a>)</span></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A fin de engañar al protector de los animales cuando se planea cazarlos, en lugar de su nombre propio se usa el de una planta. Se cree que todos los animales tienen una piedra en la cabeza, que el cazador puede obtener si al matar un animal corre inmediatamente y la recoge. <b>Con esta piedra la caza le es abundante, hasta el día en que el rey de los animales le cace a su vez y lo mate</b>. (Aguilar, 1971)</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Cuando un awá solicita una buena cacería al dueño de los animales, debe intercambiar simbólicamente los vegetales cultivados poseídos por los humanos, por la carne de los animales silvestres</i></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. <b>Cada animal silvestre tiene su correspondiente nombre vegetal.</b> El dueño de los animales también ve a sus animales como sus cosechas de esos vegetales. De esta manera al dueño se le paga con la misma moneda. <b>El awá canta su ofrenda de vegetales de acuerdo con los animales que el cazador desea.</b> Ofrece vegetales equivalentes a cada animal; luego el cazador lleva pedacitos de vegetales al lugar que el awá le aconseje. Así los animales aparecen allí. (Bozzoli, ibid, p. 48)</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Los indígenas muestran cautela y respeto hacia la selva.</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Por ejemplo, deben permanecer silenciosos allí, no cazar muchos animales ni dejarlos heridos</i></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. La primera vez que un hombre caza un animal, lo hace cuatro veces, repitiendo esto para cada especie si es la primera vez. <b>La carne de los primeros animales de cada especie se debe distribuir entre familiares y vecinos pero una mujer encinta y su esposo no deben comerla</b>. (Id, p.49)</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">La cacería y la pesca requieren previo ayuno y abstinencia sexual.</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> En lugares selváticos no se tocan las flores ni los frutos. El humo de la carne asada de los animales silvestres se considera una ofrenda o pago a la selva. Los sobros de animales cazados se colocan a los pies de un árbol, y no se deben dispersar las partes de un animal. (Idem, pag. 49)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Dependiendo de los grupos de animales que se cacen y de las técnicas de cacería para cada grupo, así son los modos recíprocos en que los animales conciben a los hombres y sus modos de cazar hombres. </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Las enfermedades humanas se consideran resultado de la cacería que realizan los espíritus animales y sus dueños.</i></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Las enfermedades son mandadas por Ditegla, señor de las enfermedades. La relación entre animales y enfermedades es de suma importancia, porque los espíritus auxiliares de los curanderos adoptan estas formas. </i></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(Aguilar, 1971)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Es prohibido matar los animales domésticos, de la misma forma en que no se debe maltratar a los miembros de un clan. El maltrato equivale al castigo por mezquindad. Cuando se matan para comidas rituales, los animales domésticos se deben ahorcar.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Espíritus de los lugares</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Dabaiba, dueña de las cumbres volcanicas y sus fuegos</b></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: start;">(<a href="http://www.mcomunicacionvisual.com/ditso.htm" target="_blank">Ditsö: </a></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.mcomunicacionvisual.com/ditso.htm" target="_blank">El legado de nuestra tierra</a>)</span></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><i>Los lugares están custodiados por los espíritus del lugar;</i></b> se cree que tienen las mismas costumbres que los humanos y que pueden causar la muerte a cualquiera que trate de hacerse de sus dominios. Entre los más importantes espíritus de lugares están <b>los Ujum</b>, considerados <b>como seres etéreos</b> <b>que habitan los picos pelados de las altas montañas y viven en la masa misma de la roca.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Para no contrariarlos <b><i>hay que guardar silencio al entrar por primera vez a una montaña</i></b>; de lo contrario se expone el intruso a que se desaten <b><i>grandes aguaceros, e incluso puede recibir la muerte.</i></b> Después de la primera experiencia puede hacerse la visita sin miedo alguno. Los novatos se libran de cualquier daño si van acompañados de alguien que ya ha estado en el lugar, porque los protege el calor místico del iniciado. (Aguilar, 1971) Algunos consideran a los Ujum como restos de la generación anterior a la de los indios.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Números sagrados</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">En la religión talamanqueña, <b><i>el número cuatro es uno de los números místicos; este número es básico y se refleja en diferentes ceremonias, como la de la iniciación, funerales y en diferentes elementos dentro de las mismas</i></b>.<b><i> El número tres está asociado a las purificaciones, ayunos y las manifestaciones del alma.</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Otras entidades supranaturales del mundo Bribri. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">En la fase primordial de la mitología bribri, todo estaba en tinieblas, estado latente de la creación del cosmos, habitado únicamente por los srbulus, seres que vivan en cuatro mundos. En uno de estos cuatro mundos, había enormes piedras por todas partes, el suelo todo era de pura piedra.</span></div>
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<li><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sibökomo: el dios creador</b></li>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><i>Sibokomo, primer ser, surge de un árbol,</i></b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><i>engendra incestuosamente con su sobrina </i></b><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Sitami, a Sibö</b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Alegoría pictórica de </b><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>sha-skra</b></span></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(<a href="http://ballenatales.com/galeria-de-arte-de-k-mel/" target="_blank">Pintor brunca, Melvin Gonzalez Rojas, Kamel</a>)</b></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>El primer ser que surge es</b> <b><i>Sibokomo (Sibökama: padre dios, kapa, rey, “el que manda") </i>el cual salió de un árbol.</b> Él tenía unas piedritas pequeñas con las que hablaba; con ellas curaba a la gente. <b>Era un gran sukia</b>. Entonces su piedrita vio que se podía hacer el mundo: <b><i>“Ojalá mi padre me lleve a ver lugares por allá arriba!”.</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">El lugar en donde estaba <b><i>Sibokomo era abierto al vacío, no se veía nada, era infinito, infinito como el cielo, donde no hay nada</i></b>. Estaba el señor ahí sin hacer nada, cuando la piedrita pensó: <b><i>Allí abajo hay una muchachita; ojalá mi padre se la lleve a examinar lugares con nosotros. La muchacha es la sobrina de Sibokomo</i></b>. <b><i>Éste quiso tener relaciones con la sobrina; de ahí sale lo bueno y lo malo.</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Ambos se van a otros mundos, en los que <b>Sibokomo piensa crear la tierra</b>, <b>las aguas, el sol, la luna, etc. Una de las piedras mágicas de Sibokomo, el macho, se introduce en el vientre de Sitami, la sobrina, y la embaraza. De este embarazo nace Sibú.</b></span></div>
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<li><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Iriria</b></li>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>La tierra</b>, que surgió como una niña de debajo de la superficie, que era pura roca, sobre la que muere. De su sangre derramada sobre la roca se forma la tierra para la semilla. Antes de que subiera a la superficie, un murciélago le estaba chupando la sangre, y de las deyecciones del murciélago aparecieron diversas plantas. La fiesta con la que se celebra el nacimiento de Iriria es una fiesta funeraria. La madre de la niña tierra fue traída para preparar la bebida de chocolate para la fiesta. (Bozzol:1986, p. 18)</span></div>
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<li><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sula</b></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Espíritu bueno, <b>guardián de la Semilla, o de las almas</b>. Es la dualidad, el principio femenino. Vive en el mundo inferior</span><br />
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<li><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dular</b></li>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Es el mensajero de Sibú, </b>puente mítico entre el chamán y el dios supremo y que se manifiesta a través de las piedras mágicas o por medio del bastón. Nadie ha visto a Dular, y sólo los curanderos completos pueden hablar con él. (Aguilar, 1971)</span></div>
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<li><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sórkura </b></li>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Sórkura </b></span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> demonio primigenio de los </b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>o </b></span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Sòrbulu, </b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Abuelo que pretende matar a su nieto: Sibú, pero es asesinado por este</b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: start;">(<a href="http://www.mcomunicacionvisual.com/ditso.htm" target="_blank">Ditsö: </a></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.mcomunicacionvisual.com/ditso.htm" target="_blank">El legado de nuestra tierra</a>)</span></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Sórkura (en bribri, Sòrkula), es el más viejo de los Sòrburu (en bribri, Sòrbulu) son una raza de diablos que, que fueron los primeros seres en habitar el mundo. </b>Los Sòrburu eran seres muy parecidos a las personas, pero muy crueles, y donde ellos sembraban todo se convertía en zacate y no volvían a crecer los árboles, el maíz ni las cosechas. Comían pollos, guacamayas, y zorros secos, los cuales usaban como maracas. También usaban tambores, caracolas y cuernos como instrumentos musicales.</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El jefe de los Sòrburu es Sórkura, padre de Sibúkomo y abuelo de Sibú</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. Cuando el dios nació, los Sòrburu lo buscaron para matarlo, así que el niño fue llevado por </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>su madre Sìitami hasta Dìratuaa Lòratuaa</i></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>el hogar de las hormigas</i></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. Al crecer, el muchacho regresó al mundo inferior, haciendo toda clase de malos agüeros contra los Sòrburu por haber tratado de matarlo.</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sórkura, el abuelo paterno de Sibú, planeaba matarlo para convertirse en rey de los bribris</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. Luego de múltiples intentos infructuosos de matar a su nieto, Sórkura arremete contra Sibú con varias lanzas, arrojándoselas todas sin dar en el blanco. </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sibú toma una de las armas y lo mata al primer intento; luego, toma la forma de su abuelo y toca su caracola para que los demás Sòrburu se reúnan. Cuando los diablos llegan, Sibú los convence de descuartizar y asar el cadáver de Sórkura, hecho lo cual el dios se da a conocer y esparce los pedazos por el mundo.</b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Cada una de las partes de Sórkura que fueron esparcidas por Sibú se convierten en <i><b>signos de mal agüero</b></i>. Así, el fémur se transformó en un<b><i> wáyuk</i></b>, un espanto que predice desgracias. De una extremidad salió <b><i>Ùruksura</i></b>, un cerdo enorme y decapitado, de cuya garganta brota un espumarajo que produce un sonido como <b><i>aròk, aròk, aròk</i></b>. De otra parte salió <b><i>Àiáksura</i></b>, un mono partido a la mitad, de cuyos pulmones brotan horribles espumarajos.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Otros mitos cosmológicos:</b></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Kakshun: Sol que anuncia</span></b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(<a href="http://ballenatales.com/galeria-de-arte-de-k-mel/" target="_blank">Pintor brunca, Melvin Gonzalez Rojas, Kamel</a>)</b></div>
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<ul>
<li><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El mito cabécar de la Señora del Mediodía</b></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1. Sibo crea a Káwo, el Sol.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">2. Le da la forma de un hombre enfermo, con granos y mal vestido.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">3. Le ordena presentarse a cinco señoras que vivían en Dalabuluktii, el cielo.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">4. El Sol visita primero a la Señora del Amanecer.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">5. Al verlo así no lo recibe.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">6. El Sol visita de segundo a la siguiente Señora.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">7. Al verlo así no lo recibe.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">8. El Sol visita a Duluüqmi, Señora del Mediodía.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">9. Ella le canta al Sol.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">10. Ella lo invita a tomar el cacao.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">11. Él promete volver al día siguiente a la misma hora.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">12. El Sol visita la primera Señora de la tarde.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">13. Al verlo así no lo recibe.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">14. El Sol visita a la Señora del Poniente.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">15. Al verlo así no lo recibe.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">16. El Sol cansado de recibir desprecios se fue abajo a su morada a descansar.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">17. Al día siguiente antes de emprender su recorrido Sibii le da su verdadera forma.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">18. El Sol se vuelve hermoso, sano y bien vestido.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">19. La señora del Amanecer corre a abrazarlo.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">20. El Sol no pasa a su palenque.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">21. La siguiente Señora lo quiere abrazar.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">22. El Sol no pasa a su palenque.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">23. La señora del mediodía espera a Kfi.wo cocinando cacao y cantando.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">24. Ella se pone triste al ver llegar a ese tan guapo, pensando que el Sol no acude a la cita.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">25. El Sol se da a conocer y toman juntos cacao.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">26. A las dos señoras de la tarde les ocurre lo mismo que a las de la mañana.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">27. Es por eso que el Sol hace este mismo trayecto.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">28 Todos los días el Sol se detiene al mediodía para tomar cacao con Duluitqmi </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(Bonatti, Javier, 1997-98)</span><br />
<ul>
<li><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El origen del Cacao</b></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1. Sibii tiene 4 esposas o decide enamorar 4 hermanas.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">2. Los nombres eran Solo', Wero, Skua'lii y Tsiru '.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">3. Esta última era la más bella o la más fea según otras versiones.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">4. Sibii se presenta ante ellas como un viejito pequeñito, horrible, lleno de granos y sarna.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">5. Sibii trata de seducir a las tres hermanas de Tsiru',</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">6. Ellas al verlo tan feo se burlan de él y lo rechazan.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">7. Ellas amarran sus hamacas cerca del techo para que el viejo no las toque.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">8. Él las maldice para que se pedorreen bien hediondo.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">9. Ellas no pueden bajar de sus hamacas por la maldición de Sibil.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">10. Solo Skua'ld cae de su hamaca pedorreándose y hasta cagándose.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">11. Sibo decide enamorar 'a Tsiru'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">12. Tsiru' acepta al viejito.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">13. Este se transforma en un apuesto joven.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">14. La transforma a ella en una bella muchacha.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">15. Al ver esto las hermanas tratan de seducir a Sibi).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">16. Sibo transforma a las hermanas en dos clases de cacao silvestre.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">17. Transforma a Skua' lo en pataste.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">18. Tsiru' es convertida como premio en cacao.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">19. Cacao nunca será hedionda </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(Bonatti, Javier, 1997-98)</span><br />
<ul>
<li><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">La creación del Sol</b></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Para este mito existen una serie de versiones que nos dan puntos un poco a primera vista</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">incoherentes.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1. Sibd ve que los ojos de los diablos eran fuegos y alumbraban.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">2. Sibii ve que tiene que crear el Sol para ganarles.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">3. Sibii intenta colocar el Sol en cuatro posiciones distintas.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">4. Primero lo pone abajo y sintió que no soportaba el calor.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">5. Lo llevo un poco más arriba y sintió que no podía aguantar el calor.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">6. Lo hizo dos veces más.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">7. Él lo hizo de modo que todos pudieran vedo, aun las hormigas.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">8. El Sol y la Luna eran gemelos.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">9. Los gemelos cometen incesto.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">10. Sibo se enoja.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">11. Sibii le quita la fuerza a la Luna. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(Bonatti, Javier, 1997-98)</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh52-ar7vzEb82__iyRRt1eTz0_6pTpZ_ewZmhrQDoGpmj5II80rNgjitl6bsWz-ccH0oJZgmSRiRgepBNaZauhdcvGiDiTb_jBmczWcbcVlrSRjafiJSusMNI939QNk82XjXnlrbGSZ3tZ/s1600/Tkerma+se%25C3%25B1or+del+rayo+y+el+trueno+atacando+con+serbatana+con+esferas+de+piedra+para+alejar++a+Serke+el+Hurac%25C3%25A1n+COMBINADO+FINAL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh52-ar7vzEb82__iyRRt1eTz0_6pTpZ_ewZmhrQDoGpmj5II80rNgjitl6bsWz-ccH0oJZgmSRiRgepBNaZauhdcvGiDiTb_jBmczWcbcVlrSRjafiJSusMNI939QNk82XjXnlrbGSZ3tZ/s400/Tkerma+se%25C3%25B1or+del+rayo+y+el+trueno+atacando+con+serbatana+con+esferas+de+piedra+para+alejar++a+Serke+el+Hurac%25C3%25A1n+COMBINADO+FINAL.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Tkerma señor del rayo y el trueno </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">atacando por medio de una cerbatana gigante, </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">y con esferas de piedra a Serke, el Huracán,</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">con el fin de alejarlo de las tierras de los Bribris y Cabécars</span></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: start;">(<a href="http://www.mcomunicacionvisual.com/ditso.htm" target="_blank">Ditsö: </a></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.mcomunicacionvisual.com/ditso.htm" target="_blank">El legado de nuestra tierra</a>)</span></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Fuentes:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">*Aguiló, Federico et al (1989) <i>Las Religiones amerindias : 500 años después</i>. Quito, Ecuador : Ediciones ABYA-YALA ; 1989. 1ed. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">*Bonatti, Javier (1997-98). <i>El reloj cósmico talamanqueño</i>. En: Lingüística Chibcha16:237-245,1997-98</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">*Bozzoli, M. Narraciones Bribris. Revista Vínculos del Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. Vol. 2, No. 2, </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1977. Editorial Imprenta Nacional. San José, Costa Rica. 1977. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">*Bozzoli, M. El nacimiento y la muerte entre los bribris. Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica. Costa </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Rica. 1979. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">*Bozzoli, M. Símbolos del Intercambio Recíproco en la Visión del Mundo de los Bribris. Memoria del </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">simposio sobre las religiones de los indígenas cinco siglos después del descubrimiento. Universidad de </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Costa Rica. Costa Rica. Sin referencia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">* <i>Bribri</i> [en línea]. Wikipedia, La enciclopedia libre, 2015 [fecha de consulta: 4 de junio del 2015]. Disponible en <<a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bribri&oldid=81450539">http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bribri&oldid=81450539</a>>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">*Córdoba A., Esteban (24/10/2010)<i>Un dios que sepa bailar</i> en La Nación [En línea] Disponible en: <a href="http://bit.ly/1eSeDRU">http://bit.ly/1eSeDRU</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">* Corrales, Alexander. <i>Sibú o Sibö (en bribri, Sib`ö) Dios de los Bribris, indígenas de Talamanca, Costa Rica</i>. Diseño de Alexander Corrales (akōmo) [En línea] Disponible en: <a href="http://on.be.net/1M8SZTD">http://on.be.net/1M8SZTD</a></span></div>
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* <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Ditsö: el Juego.<i> El legado de nuestra tierra</i>. Marca de productos culturales que busca el rescate de la mitología indígena costarricenses. Disponibles en: <a href="http://www.mcomunicacionvisual.com/ditso.htm">http://www.mcomunicacionvisual.com/ditso.htm</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">* <i>Mitología Bribri.</i> En Mitología indígena de Costa Rica. Escuela de Filología, Lingüística y Literatura. UCR [En línea]. Disponible en: <a href="http://mitologiaindigena.ucr.ac.cr/brimit.htm" target="_blank">http://mitologiaindigena.ucr.ac.cr/brimit.htm</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">*<a href="https://books.google.co.cr/books?id=UgTjxxWdw2sC&lpg=PA1&hl=es&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Gonzalez C. & F. Gonzalez V. (2000)<i>La casa cósmica talamanqueña y sus simbolismo</i>. San José, C.R.:EUNED.</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">* Hernández V., Rose M. (Mayo, 03, 2012). <i>La casa cósmica de los bribris y cabécares.</i> Semanario extensionistas. UNED. [En línea] Disponible en : <a href="http://semanarioextensionista.blogspot.com/2012/05/193-la-casa-cosmica-de-los-bribris-y.html">http://semanarioextensionista.blogspot.com/2012/05/193-la-casa-cosmica-de-los-bribris-y.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">* <a href="https://books.google.co.cr/books?id=8yS7EbgbuBYC&lpg=PA103&ots=u6cM1pxFru&dq=Dioses%20bribris&hl=es&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q=Dioses%20bribris&f=false" target="_blank">Jara, Murillo, K.V.& A. García S. (2003). <i>Diccionario de mitología bribri.</i> San José, Costa Rica: EUCR</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">* Sibaja A., Alberto. <i>“La indómita Talamanca”</i> En: Esferas de piedra en Costa Rica. <a href="http://bit.ly/1SZrSj8">http://bit.ly/1SZrSj8</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">*Sibaja Á., Alberto. <i>Galería de Máscaras. en: Siböwak</i>. Expresiones aborígenes de Costa Rica. [En línea] Disponible en: <a href="http://www.sibowak.com/">http://www.sibowak.com/</a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">* <i>Sibú.</i> (2014, 27 de septiembre). Wikipedia, La enciclopedia libre. Fecha de consulta: 23:15, junio 4, 2015 desde <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sib%C3%BA&oldid=77223857.">http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sib%C3%BA&oldid=77223857.</a></span></div>
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<br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="4">
<span sans-serif?? , ?helvetica? arial? ><font size="5">Ver
adicionalmente:</font> </span><br >
<br ></font></font>
<ul>
<li><span style="COLOR: #f1c232"><span sans-serif?? , ?helvetica? arial? ><a href="http://filosofiacr.tumblr.com/post/120758924635/semillasdesib%C3%B6"><font size="4"><font face="Arial"><font color="#ffff00"><font
>Las semillas de Sibö en
Skawak</font>
</font></font></font> </a></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="COLOR: #f1c232"><span sans-serif?? , ?helvetica? arial? ><font color="#ffff00" size="4"
face=Arial></font></span></span> </p>
<ul>
<li><span style="COLOR: #f1c232"><span sans-serif?? , ?helvetica? arial? ><a href="http://filosofiacr.tumblr.com/post/120751938275/sib%C3%B6diosquedanzaycanta"><font size="4"><font face="Arial"><font color="#ffff00"><font
>Sibö: un Dios que sabe danzar y
cantar</font>
</font></font></font> </a></span></span><font > </font></li>
</ul>
<p><font color="#ffff00" size="4" face="Arial"></font> </p>
<ul>
<li><span style="COLOR: #f1c232"><span sans-serif?? , ?helvetica? arial? ><a href="https://mega.nz/#!atNjnaDL!CVzw5Ib3zqDCAqNuAUMqVm67Bf8hiXQQ87U65T8aY8M"><font
size=4><font face="Arial"><font color="#ffff00"><font
>R.Borrasé-F. Una comparación entre los mitos de la creación del
Suwá y del Timeo de Platón (PDF)</font>
</font></font></font> </a></span></span></li>
</ul>
<br >
<br /></div>
</div>
Filosofía en Costa Ricahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913529307278002591noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3899327006290566633.post-62714232485705199212014-12-03T17:24:00.000-06:002014-12-03T18:24:31.445-06:00Masacre: La represión de una primavera en París, en 1871 <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Masacre: La represión de una primavera en París</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Una descripción detallada de la destrucción sin sentido de la Comuna de París </b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Reseña del libro: "Masacre": La vida y muerte de la Comuna de París de 1871. Por John Merriman. Basic Books; 324 páginas; Universidad de Yale (</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune of 1871. By John Merriman. Basic Books; 324 pages; $29.99. Yale University Press.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">La represión de la <b><i>Comuna de París</i></b> sigue siendo difícil de comprender. Más de dos días en mayo de 1871, 130.000 soldados del ejército regular francés entró en París para suprimir un gobierno improvisado de la ciudad, que se hizo llamar:<b><i> "La Comuna". </i></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Los historiadores todavía discuten las cifras, sobre si siete días después, el ejército había matado tal vez 10.000 comuneros, ayudantes desarmados y transeúntes desafortunados. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Los prisioneros fueron fusilados sin más. De 36.000 personas detenidas, alrededor de 10.000 fueron ejecutados, encarcelados o deportados. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">En esta obra: "Masacre", <b>John Merriman</b>, un historiador de la <i>Universidad de Yale</i>, combina dos tareas narrativas con cuidadoso arte: una visión general de los enredados antecedentes y los casos vivos desde la calle como primer plano. Todo ello, en el contexto del colapso de los ejércitos de Francia frente a una mala decisión de hacer guerra con Prusia, un año después del final del autoritario <b>Segundo Imperio de Napoleón III. </b></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Para sellar la victoria, los alemanes sitiaron la capital. Como los suministros de alimentos empezaron a escasear en enero de 1871, los franceses fueron sometidos a sus términos, las autoridades de estado y sectores adinerados abandonaron la ciudad por temor al ejército prusiano. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ese fue yn momento en que ciudadanos franceses radicales se enfrentaron con un sector conservador por el control de una nueva república muy frágil. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Entonces, los votantes cansados de la guerra elegieron un gobierno de derecha bajo <b>Adolphe Thiers</b>, otorgándole un mandato con prerrogativas para aceptar una dura paz alemana. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">La Comuna surgió de la sensación entre los parisinos que habían sido traicionados. Los candidatos radicales barrieron en los escaños parlamentarios. Sobre todo en los barrios más pobres al este, se rechazó los términos de esa paz, se levantaron iracundos ideales de lucha y en favor de una moratoria de las deudas de guerra, que se mezclaron con la esperanza de derechos democráticos y de una reforma social. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cuando, el 18 de marzo, Thiers intentó de recuperar el control de París de una milicia radicalizada, pero las unidades del ejército regular se pusieron del lado de la milicia. Entrando en pánico, Thiers apeló al ejército y al gobierno que se había radicado en Versalles. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Las autoridades del Estado, se habían retirarado de la capital, París, en donde se eligió a un gobierno propio, una Comuna de alrededor de 90 miembros, aunque a unos 20 de los distritos más ricos se les negó sus asientos. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">La autonomía de los radicales de París, fue vista por los conservadores de Versalles como una revolución. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">La confrontación entre Versalles, de los ricos, que buscaban restaurar el orden político, frente a los Comuneros de París, se convirtió en una auténtica lucha de clases. Aun cuando, la Comuna no era ni socialista ni proletaria. Sus miembros eran en su mayoría artesanos autónomos o profesionales menores. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Estos grupos emergentes, se guiaron por ideales anarquistas y utópicos, que resonaron en los clubes políticos. La Comuna sí quería autonomía civil y eliminar los agravios que perjudicaban a los artesanos y las pequeñas empresas. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Duró tan sólo 72 días, poco tiempo para lograr objetivos de largo alcance, aunque lo suficiente para que Thiers pudiera reagruparse y aplastar el gobierno de una insurgencia espontánea, aunque había logrado mucho, en ese corto tiempo. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Merriman hace un buen trabajo de mostrar la Comuna en cuestiones muy puntuales, así como en un plano general. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Usando las palabras de los presentes, que cuentan la historia desde la calle, del día a día, y, durante la semana sangrienta, casi hora por hora. Los rumores vuelan, las decisiones se toman a ciegas y son revocadas luego de que se han llevado a cabo. Horrores ocurren en cada esquina de cada calle. Aun cuando, no muy lejos de estos horrores, almorzaban otros parisinos cómodamente, sin participar en las revueltas.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Como un sombrío cuento, es la narración de Merriman, sobre esa última semana, que describe como se desarrolla el salvajismo del gobierno, el cual parece cada vez más desquiciado. El resultado militar nunca estuvo en duda. los Comuneros fueron superados en número más de ocho a uno. No obstante, aplastar la Comuna no restauró la monarquía o evitó que se descarrilara la República. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><b>Al cabo de una década, los condenados fueron amnistiados. A partir de 1880, los objetivos liberales y democráticos de la Comuna fueron aceptados dentro de la política republicana francesa. La masacre se muestra desde esa perspectiva, casi sin sentido, salvo en los recuerdos de la memoria partidista, no tuvo efectos duraderos. El miedo y la ira, en fin, parece que triunfaron.</b></i> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sectores derechistas, el gobierno y la prensa dibujaron una caricatura espeluznante de la gente común y luego inventaron su propia historia. Los comuneros fueron vilipendiados en los periódicos parisinos como traidores y degenerados. Imágenes histéricas se representaron en los libros que dieron cuenta de la masacre, más bien como un castigo a los crímenes de los Comuneros, por sus destrozos, por el asesinato de rehenes clericales, la quema de símbolos de París. Aunque dolorosos, esos excesos palidecían en comparación con las represalias en contra de los comuneros. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>La narración de Merriman se diversifica, dejando a los lectores a encontrar su camino a través de un bosque de posibles interpretaciones. El gran mérito de "Masacre" es centrar la atención sobre la gran indignación moral que despierta, un acto perpetrado por un Estado moderno y una sociedad supuestamente civilizada contra sus propios ciudadanos. En el recuento del Merriman, la Comuna de París es un recordatorio de que las peores villanías son posibles una vez que has deshumanizado a tu oponente.</b></span><br />
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fuente original en inglés</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>“Spring uprising” / The Economist / http://econ.st/12vKxxt</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>A detailed account of the wanton destruction of the Paris Commune</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Nov 29th 2014 | From the print edition</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune of 1871. By John Merriman. Basic Books; 324 pages; $29.99. Yale University Press.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">THE crushing of the Paris Commune is still hard to comprehend. Over two days in May 1871, 130,000 troops from the regular French army entered Paris to suppress an improvised city government calling itself La Commune. Historians still dispute the figures, but seven days later the army had killed perhaps 10,000 defenders, unarmed helpers and hapless bystanders. Prisoners were shot out of hand. Of 36,000 people arrested, around 10,000 were executed, imprisoned or deported.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In “Massacre”, John Merriman an historian at Yale University, combines two narrative tasks with considerable art: an overview of the tangled background and vivid close shots from the street. The collapse of France’s armies in an ill-chosen war with Prussia a year earlier had finished off Napoleon III’s authoritarian Second Empire. Radical French cities vied with a conservative countryside for control of a fragile new republic. To seal victory, the Germans besieged the capital. As food supplies ran low in January 1871, the French sued for terms. War-weary voters chose a right-wing government under Adolphe Thiers, granting him a mandate in effect to accept a harsh German peace.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Commune sprang from the sense among Parisians that they had been betrayed. Radical candidates had swept its parliamentary seats. Especially in the poorer quartiers to the east, revulsion at the peace, dreams of fighting on and anger at the lifting of a wartime moratorium on debts mingled with hopes for democratic rights and social reform.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">When, on March 18th, Thiers fumbled an attempt to regain control in Paris from a radicalised militia, units of the regular army sided with the militia. In some panic, Thiers recalled the army and the government to Versailles. State authority having been withdrawn from the capital, Paris elected a self-governing Commune of around 90 members, though about 20 from wealthier arrondissements refused their seats. What radical Paris saw as autonomy, conservative Versailles regarded as revolution. What to Versailles was the restoration of political order, the Commune took for class war by the rich.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Commune was neither socialist nor proletarian. Its members were mostly self-employed artisans or minor professionals. Anarchist and Utopian talk rang in political clubs. The Commune itself wanted civic autonomy and to remove grievances that hurt craftsmen and small businesses. It lasted 72 days, scant time to achieve anything, though long enough for Thiers to regroup and crush a spontaneous insurgency his government had done much to bring about.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mr Merriman does a fine job of showing the Commune in close as well as wide shot. Using the words of those present, he tells the story from street level, day by day, and, in la semaine sanglante itself, almost hour by hour. Rumours fly, decisions are taken blind and countermanded after they have been carried out. Horrors occur on one street corner. Not far off a comfortable Parisian notes what he ate for lunch.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As Mr Merriman’s grim tale of the final week unfolds, the government’s savagery looks increasingly deranged. The military result was never in doubt. The Communards were outnumbered more than eight to one. Crushing the Commune did not restore the monarchy or derail the republic. Within a decade, those convicted were amnestied. From 1880 on the Commune’s liberal and democratic aims were accepted republican policy. The slaughter appears in that light almost purposeless and, save in partisan memory, without lasting effects.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fear and anger, in short, seem to have taken charge. Right-wing voters, government and press painted themselves a lurid caricature of the common people and then believed their own invention. Troops were given newspapers vilifying Parisians as traitors and degenerates. Hysterical images lived on in books that treated the slaughter as due punishment for Communard crimes—shooting officers, murdering clerical hostages, burning Paris landmarks. Though grievous, those excesses paled in comparison with the reprisals.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mr Merriman’s tale grows tangled at times, leaving readers to find their path through the thickets. The great merit of “Massacre” is to focus attention on the enormity of the moral outrage perpetrated by a modern state and a supposedly civilised society against its own citizens. In Mr Merriman’s retelling, the Paris Commune is a reminder that the worst villainies are possible once you have dehumanised your opponent.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://vimeo.com/26821327"><b>Louise Michel y la "Comuna" de París, 1871</b></a></span></div>
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Filosofía en Costa Ricahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913529307278002591noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3899327006290566633.post-50248202083431050722014-10-27T23:30:00.000-06:002015-10-06T18:35:41.148-06:00Marx Reloaded(Marx recargado)(Subtitulado-español)<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Marx Reloaded (Jason Barker, Alexandra Weltz) (2011)</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">"<b><i>Marx Reloaded</i></b>" es un documental cultural, que utiliza algunas de las ideas centrales planteadas en el siglo XIX por el filósofo y sociólogo alemán: <b>Karl H. Marx </b>para dar cuenta de la crisis financiera mundial, originda entre los años: 2008-09. Esta crisis llevó al gobierno de los EE.UU. a gastar más de <b>1 billón de dólares (US$ 1.000.000.000.000</b>) para rescatar su sistema bancario de la bancarrota e insolvencia financiera total.. Pero, <b><i>¿puede atribuirse cómo causa de la más grande crisis financiera en la historia de la humanidad, a una cuestión de los riesgos normales propios de las incertidumbres de un "mercado libre"? ¿O hay otros factores que dan cuenta de los orígenes de la crisis, y los cuáles tienen agudas implicaciones para el futuro de las sociedades actuales, del sistema económico mundial imperante y por ende para todo el estilo de vida actual?</i></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">En los primeros meses de 2008 un gran evento empezó a remecer el sistema financiero mundial hasta sus cimientos. Miles de millones de dólares desaparecieron al desplomarse el valor de las acciones de las corporaciones y los bancos de inversión en todo el mundo comenzaron seguidamente a derrumbarse como un castillo de naipes. A medida que la economía mundial entró en la recesión más profunda desde hacía ya 70 años, el mensaje de los medios de comunicación dominantes era sobre-simplificador: se trataba de una anomalía, un hecho financiero aislado, un azar tan impredecible como un tsunami o la caída de un rayo. A pesar de ello, el efecto fue inmediato para millones de las personas comunes, de trabajadores de todo el mundo, cuyas viviendas y trabajos se perdieron, y cuyos ahorros desaparecieron en el aire, para lo cuáles no podía atribuirse cómo causa de crisis en sí misma, a simplemente una de esas cosas extraordinarias: un especie de cataclismo que escapa a todo pensamiento racional. Pero ¿cuáles fueron los verdaderos orígenes de esta crisis? Y cuáles son sus implicaciones para el futuro de las sociedades en su conjunto internacional y de cada uno de nosotros insertos en un contexto concreto de relaciones de producción?<br />
Guión y dirección: Jason Barker Co-dirección: Alexandra Weltz , 52 min, ZDF / ARTE, 2011 Producción:. Medea Film Music : MexxTone<br />
<b>Con John Gray, Michael Hardt, Antonio Negri, Power Nina, Jacques Rancière, Peter Sloterdijk, Alberto Toscano, León Trotsky, Slavoj Zizek, Cine, Jason Barker, Ljubavnici, Cine Arte, Medea Noirs, ZDF de 2011, Marx Reloaded, Alexandra Weltz</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: large;">Slavoj Zizek</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Michal Hardt</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Karl Marx y León Trotsky</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: large;">León Trotsky: La píldora roja: </span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: large;">La revolución permanente</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">"<b><i>Marx Reloaded</i></b>" is a cultural documentary that uses some of the central ideas of 19th century German socialist and philosopher<b> Karl Marx</b> to try to make sense of the global financial crisis of 2008-09. This crisis prompted the <b>US government to spend more than 1 trillion dollars</b> in order to rescue its banking system from financial meltdown. <b><i>But can the largest financial losses in history really be put down to the natural risks and uncertainties of the free market? Or is there another explanation as to why the crisis happened and what its implications are for the future of our society, our economy - for our whole way of life?</i></b><br />
In the early months of 2008 a huge event began to rock the global financial system to its foundations. Billions of dollars were wiped off share prices and commercial banks throughout the world began to collapse like a pack of cards. As the global economy entered the deepest recession for 70 years the message from the mainstream media was simple: this was an anomaly, an isolated financial "blip" as unpredictable as a tsunami or lightening strike. Although devastating for the millions of ordinary people around the world whose homes were lost and whose jobs and savings disappeared into thin air, the crisis itself was simply one of those extraordinary things: a cataclysm that escapes all rational thinking. But what were the real origins of this crisis? And what are its ongoing implications for the future prosperity of us all?<br />
Script and direction: Jason Barker Co-direction: Alexandra Weltz Cultural documentary, 52 min., ZDF/ ARTE, 2011 Production: Medea Film Music: MexxTone<br />
<b>With John Gray, Michael Hardt, Antonio Negri, Nina Power, Jacques Rancière, Peter Sloterdijk, Alberto Toscano, Leon Trotsky, Slavoj Zizek, Film, Jason Barker, Musique Ljubavnici, Arte Films, Noirs Medea, Film ZDF, 2011, Marx Reloaded, Alexandra Weltz</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #e69138;">Jason Barber nos presenta a “Marx Reloaded”</span></b> </span><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
"<b>Marx Reloaded</b>", basado en un libro que ha sido traducido al castellano con el título de “<b><i>Repensar La teoría Crítica del Capitalismo</i></b>” es un documental dirigido por <b>Jason Barker</b> quien decidió utilizar<b> las principales ideas del gran pensador Karl Marx a fin de proponer una perspectiva más amplia de lo que representa la crisis financiera global acaecida en 2008-09.</b> En el filme participaron importantes figuras de la filosofía contemporánea como <b>Nina Power, Antonio Negri, Alberto Toscano y Slavoj Žižek</b>, todos ellos marcados por la <b>impronta marxista.</b><br />
Teóricos, analistas y activistas de todo tipo parecen coincidir a la hora de caracterizar las sociedades contemporáneas como sociedades sometidas a profundos y continuos procesos de cambio. Más allá de las diferencias en los diagnósticos y propuestas movilizadas, todos parecen subrayar la emergencia, tras la crisis de la década de 1970, de una formación social novedosa que multiplica los interrogantes, los riesgos y las posibilidades actuales. <b>Una formación social compuesta de una serie de características específicas que la diferenciarían de otras composiciones sociales anteriores y/o contemporáneas: modernidad versus postmodernidad, sociedades industriales versus sociedades postindustriales, fordismo versus postfordismo, capitalismo versus socialismo, etc.</b><br />
<b><i>¿Qué es, entonces, lo que nos permite dar cuenta de tales procesos de cambio y de transición entre unasetapas y otras? ¿Presentan nuestras sociedades modernas una trayectoria específica de cambio? De ser así ¿cuáles serían sus principales características? ¿Y cuáles las razones de tales movimientos?</i></b><br />
Estas son las preguntas a las que trata de responder el autor del libro, <b><i><u>Moishe Postone</u></i></b> dialogando críticamente con los planteamientos de diferentes teóricos sociales <b><i>(Derrida, Bell, Horkheimer, Pollock, Lukács, Mandel, etc</i></b>.).<br />
El análisis del capitalismo en los términos del marxismo tradicional (con su énfasis en la propiedad privada y el mercado) será, para Postone, la principal razón por la cual la teoría crítica se muestra sistemáticamente incapaz de dar cuenta de las transformaciones sociales contemporáneas.<br />
Frente a ello, <b>Postone nos propone una lectura categorial</b> -<b><i>en claves relacionales y radicalmente alejada de los presupuestos del marxismo tradicional</i></b>- <b>de la obra madura de Marx,</b> perspectiva que da pie a un fructífero camino para <b>la reconstrucción de una teoría crítica del capitalismo a la altura de los desafíos planteados.</b><br />
<b>Moishe Postone,</b> Profesor de Historia y Estudios Judíos en la Universidad de Chicago (EE.UU.), se formó en la Goethe-Universität de Frankfurt (Alemania). Sus principales líneas de trabajo son: el Holocausto y el antisemitismo, la teoría social de los siglos XIX y XX (en particular las teorías críticas de la modernidad: Marx, Horkheimer, Derrida, Bourdieu, Habermas, etc.), así como las transformaciones globales de las últimas décadas y sus implicaciones a la hora de comprender la trayectoria histórica del siglo XX. Además de este libro, Postone ha publicado en castellano: <i>Tiempo, trabajo y dominación social. Una reinterpretación de la teoría crítica de Marx</i> (2006, Politopías-Marcial Pons) y <i>La crisis del Estado Nación. Antisemitismo-Racismo-Xenofobia</i> (2001, Alikornio Ediciones). <br />
Fuente: <b><a href="http://www.gramscimania.info.ve/2011/03/jason-barber-nos-presenta-marx-reloaded.html" target="_blank">Gramscimanía</a>. </b></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.veoh.com/watch/v79562717XydMsMsg" target="_blank">Vínculo directo a Marx Reloaded (2010)</a></b></span><br />
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<a href="http://www.veoh.com/watch/v79562717XydMsMsg" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCALIMUK6wp0S8wRyckLiPllj_PJKsB9W2QKx0ykdcx_Tk8ak_1LEveijOO-ZgZq0g9GE2PQbvC4tPCginGpBWsV93-45fhb8yY5YjsgBwngb0G9k9CsaFFFZ2EzbpMG4oXuTCy0T527A1/s1600/Marx+Reloaded+EXPONENTES-FINAL.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.veoh.com/watch/v79562717XydMsMsg" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBNdI2qhKCiswfcmbWoLDwmRgbLOKAMXoyxY5Lk0j_3lf3SpRR_WfeFDZMla3_54dcaF3RFhFBMIRlNNIFVt7K1GpPsp-tH13yZv_i5e0mrFZv6HUi5Ad5va1H5Jj1SHo5n7qoMQ9aWnFp/s400/Marx+reloaded+Poster.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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Filosofía en Costa Ricahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16913529307278002591noreply@blogger.com1